Name: naming alkynes with iupac rules
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:34.000Z
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Nomenclature of Alkynes

As with alkanes and alkenes, there are two approaches to naming alkynes: IUPAC nomenclature and Common nomenclature.
The IUPAC names of alkynes bear the suffix &#34;-yne&#34; to indicate the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds.
Let&#39;s work out the IUPAC name of the alkyne shown here.
First, identify the parent chain, which is the longest carbon chain containing the triple bond. Here, the carbon chain has seven carbon atoms; hence the parent name is heptyne.
Secondly, number the carbon atoms in the parent chain such that the triply bonded carbon atoms get the lowest number. Place the triple bond locant before the parent name.
Next, name the substituents. List the numbered substituents before the parent name in alphabetical order.
The IUPAC name for this alkyne is four-ethyl-five-five-dimethyl-two-heptyne.
When alkynes contain more than one triple bond, the names end with &#34;-diyne,&#34; &#34;-triyne,&#34; and so on. Thus, the IUPAC name here is nine-chloro-four-methoxy- two-six-decadiyne.
In compounds with double and triple bonds, numbering begins from the end closest to the multiple bonds. Here, both suffixes, &#34;-ene&#34; and &#34;-yne,&#34; are included in the parent name in alphabetical order. The IUPAC name for this alkyne is seven-bromo-oct five-ene-two-yne.
If the double and triple bonds are equidistant on the carbon chain, the double bond receives the lowest number giving two-bromo-oct-two-ene-six-yne. 
When an alkyne contains a principal functional group, the latter receives the lowest possible number. The name bears suffixes of the alkyne followed by that of the principal group. Here, the IUPAC name is five-methyl-two-hexyn-one-ol.
For common names, alkynes adopt the parent name like acetylene, with the substituents&#39; names added as a prefix. Thus, two-butyne becomes dimethylacetylene, and two-five-dimethyl-three-hexyne would be diisopropyl acetylene.
Acyclic alkynes are classified as terminal and internal based on the location of the triple bond. Terminal alkynes are monosubstituted acetylenes, while internal alkynes are disubstituted acetylenes.

nomenclature of alkynes

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of alkynes follows a set of rules similar to alkanes and alkenes; however, alkynes bear the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." There are two approaches to naming alkynes:
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; IUPAC names</li>
	<li>&#8226; Common names</li>
</ul>
IUPAC nomenclature
The IUPAC naming system follows a systematic approach to deduce names of alkynes based on their chemical structure. Consider the following alkyne:
<img alt="Chemical structure diagram of 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne, illustrating alkyne hydrocarbon bonds." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 150px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Organic chemistry, structural formula, diagram of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne, alkyne compound." />
 The steps involved in deducing the corresponding IUPAC name are summarized below:
1. The first step is to identify the parent chain, which is the longest carbon chain containing the triple bond. The suffix "-yne" is added to the parent name to indicate the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds.
<img alt="Chemical structure diagram, 2,3-dimethyl-3-heptyne, hydrocarbon, molecular formula C9H16." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 150px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram, organic molecule with carbon and hydrogen atoms, structural formula." />
Here, the longest chain (red-colored bonds) contains seven carbon atoms; therefore, the parent name would be heptyne.
2. Next, number the parent chain from the end, which gives the triple bond the lowest possible number, and place the locant before the parent name. Here, there are two ways of numbering the chain:
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Organic molecule diagram; 4-methyl-2-pentene structural formula; hydrocarbon structure study." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure3_Left.svg" style="opacity: 0.9; text-align: center; height: 150px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Organic chemistry; structural formula; heptene isomer; double bond; molecule diagram." /></td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Chemical structure of 3-methyl-1-heptyne, organic chemistry, alkyne compound diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure3_Right.svg" style="opacity: 0.9; text-align: center; height: 150px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram of 4-methylhept-2-yne, illustrating hydrocarbon alkynes." /></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">(a)</td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">(b)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Structure (b) gives the lowest number to the triple bond. Hence, the name 2-heptyne.
3. Now, name the substituents and list the numbered substituents before the parent name in alphabetical order. In this example, there are three substituents: one ethyl group at C4 and two methyl groups at C5.
<img alt="Organic chemistry, 4-methyl-hexene structural formula diagram, hydrocarbon chain, double bond." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 150px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure, 2,3-dimethyl-3-heptene, molecular diagram, organic chemistry education." /> 
 4-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-heptyne
4. Finally, combine steps 1-3 to deduce the alkyne name, which is 4-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-heptyne. Note that the hyphen separates numbers from alphabets, and the comma separates numbers from each other. 
Naming alkynes with more than one triple bond 
In alkynes with more than one triple bond, the names end with "-diyne," "-triyne," and so forth; the other rules remain the same.
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Chemical structure diagram of a chlorinated organic compound, showing molecular connectivity." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure5_Left.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 90px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram of organic compound, featuring molecular bonds and functional groups." /></td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Molecular structure diagram, organic chemistry, brominated compound with carbon chain, C-Br bonds." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure5_Right.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Bromoalkene molecule structure, diagram, showcasing carbon and bromine atom positions." /></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">9-chloro-4-methoxy-2,6-decadiyne</td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">1,7-dibromo-1,3,5-octatriyne</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Naming alkynes with double and triple bonds
When a molecule contains both double and triple bonds, numbering begins from the end closest to the multiple bond. Here, the suffix &#8220;-ene&#8221; (for the double bond) and &#8220;-yne&#8221; (for the triple bond) are included in the parent name in alphabetical order.
<img alt="Chemical structure of 2-bromo-3-methylhexa-1,3-diene, molecular formula diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Organic chemistry structure of an alkene with bromine substituent, labeled carbon atoms." /> 
7-bromo-oct-5-en-2-yne 
If the numbering is ambiguous, i.e., if the double and triple bonds are equidistant on the carbon chain as shown below, the double bond gets the higher priority and the lowest number.
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Organic structure diagram, chemical compound with bromine and carbon chain analysis." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure7_Left.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Organic structure diagram, 8-bromo-2-octyne, molecular formula, carbon skeleton." /></td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="chemical structure, 3-bromo-2-methylpentene, molecular diagram, organic chemistry, carbon chain" src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure7_Right.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram of 1-bromo-1-methylhepta-2,5-diene, illustrating molecular bonding." /></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">Option (1)</td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">Option (2)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
The correct IUPAC name would follow the option (2) numbering scheme, giving 2-bromo-oct-2-en-6-yne.
Naming alkynes with principal functional groups
Principal functional groups are substituents that take numerical precedence over double or triple bonds, as well as halogen and alkyl groups. The IUPAC name bears the suffix of the alkyne group, in this case, "-yn&#8221; instead of &#8220;-yne&#8221;, followed by that of the principal group. In the following example, the -OH group receives numerical precedence over the triple bond and the methyl substituent.
<img alt="Chemical structure of 3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol; molecular diagram showing alkyne and alcohol groups." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram; 1-heptyne molecule with numbering of carbon chain, organic chemistry." /> 
5-methyl-2-hexyn-1-ol
Naming cyclic alkynes
Cyclo alkynes are named by adding the prefix &#8220;cyclo-'' to the parent ring with the substituents encountered first receiving the lower number; the other conventions are similar to acyclic alkynes. For example,
<img alt="Chlorinated cyclohexene structure, chemical diagram, organic chemistry, molecular representation." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 90px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chlorocyclohexene structure; chemical diagram with chlorine atom on carbon-3; molecular analysis." /> 
3-chlorocyclooctyne
Cyclic alkynes with less than eight carbon atoms are unstable and result in highly strained structures. This is because the carbon-carbon triple bond is expected to deviate significantly from 180&#176; to form rings smaller than eight carbon atoms. The smallest cyclic alkyne isolated thus far is cyclooctyne.
Common names 
An alternative approach to systematic naming is the common name system. Here, alkynes adopt the parent name like acetylene with the substituents&#8217; name added as a prefix.
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Molecular structure of 2-butene, showing chemical bonds, used in organic chemistry studies." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure10_Left.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 40px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Butene molecular structure; C4H8 double bond diagram; organic chemistry formula study." /></td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Structural formula of 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene; organic chemistry diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure10_Right.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram of hexene isomer; hydrocarbon bonding; organic chemistry education." /></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">IUPAC name: 2-butyne 
			Common name: dimethylacetylene</td>
			<td style="border-style: solid; border-color: black; color: black; text-align: center;">IUPAC name: 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne 
			Common name: diisopropylacetylene</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Terminal and internal alkynes
Linear alkynes can be classified as terminal and internal based on the location of the triple bond. Terminal alkynes are monosubstituted acetylenes where the triple bond is located at the end of the chain.
<img alt="Organic chemistry structural formula diagram of alkanes showing carbon atom arrangement and bonding." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="NMR coupling diagram; shows hydrogen splitting in aliphatic proton chain; structural elucidation." /> 
1-pentyne
Internal alkynes are disubstituted alkynes. Here, the location of the triple bond is either at the center of the chain or close to it but not at the end.
<img alt="Linear alkene structure with numbered carbon atoms showing double bonds, organic chemistry diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/11832/11832_PT_Figure12.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1754904545000" data-alt="Chemical structure diagram, illustrating hydrocarbon bonding and numbering positions for isomer analysis." /> 
3-heptyne

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of ...

Education

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Alkynes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

naming alkynes with iupac rules

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2, and their names use the suffix &quot;-yne&quot; instead of &quot;-ane&quot; or &quot;-ene.&quot; Alkynes can be named with IUPAC names or common names.

The IUPAC system uses a step-by-step method based on the molecule’s structure. First, find the longest carbon chain that contains the triple bond. Add the suffix &quot;-yne&quot; to the parent chain name. In the example shown, the longest chain has seven carbon atoms, so the parent name is heptyne.

Next, number the chain from the end that gives the triple bond the lowest possible number. In the example, one numbering option gives the triple bond a lower locant than the other. That makes the name 2-heptyne. Then name the substituents and list them in alphabetical order with their numbers. The example includes one ethyl group at C4 and two methyl groups at C5, giving 4-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-heptyne. Hyphens separate numbers from letters, and commas separate numbers from each other.

Some alkynes contain more than one triple bond. These names end in &quot;-diyne,&quot; &quot;-triyne,&quot; and similar forms. The same naming rules still apply. Examples include 9-chloro-4-methoxy-2,6-decadiyne and 1,7-dibromo-1,3,5-octatriyne.

Some molecules have both double and triple bonds. In those cases, numbering starts from the end closest to the multiple bonds. The double-bond name &quot;-ene&quot; and the triple-bond name &quot;-yne&quot; appear together in alphabetical order, as in 7-bromo-oct-5-en-2-yne. If the double and triple bonds are equally distant, the double bond gets the lower number. That gives the name 2-bromo-oct-2-en-6-yne.

Principal functional groups take priority over double bonds, triple bonds, halogens, and alkyl groups. The alkyne part of the name uses &quot;-yn&quot; before the principal group suffix. In the example, the -OH group comes before the triple bond and the methyl substituent, so the name is 5-methyl-2-hexyn-1-ol.

Cyclic alkynes use the prefix &quot;cyclo-&quot; before the ring name. The substituent found first gets the lower number, and the other rules stay the same. One example is 3-chlorocyclooctyne. Rings with fewer than eight carbon atoms are unstable because the triple bond must bend far from 180°. The smallest cyclic alkyne isolated so far is cyclooctyne.

Alkynes can also be given common names. This system uses acetylene as the parent name and adds substituents as prefixes. For example, 2-butyne is dimethylacetylene, and 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne is diisopropylacetylene. Linear alkynes are also classified as terminal or internal. Terminal alkynes have the triple bond at the end of the chain, such as 1-pentyne. Internal alkynes have the triple bond in the middle or near the middle, such as 3-heptyne.

Naming Alkynes with IUPAC Rules

structure and physical properties of alkynes

structure-and-physical-properties-of-alkynes

Alkyne Bonds, Shape, and Physical Traits

Alkynes are hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds. They are unsaturated compounds and are written with the general formula CnH2n-2. This group includes simple molecules like ethyne, also called acetylene, which is a colorless gas used as a fuel for welding because it burns at high temperatures. Alkynes also appear in natural and synthetic compounds. Some natural alkynes are found in the poison from South American tree frogs. Synthetic alkyne-containing compounds are found in medicines...

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon triple bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2, and their names use the suffix "-yne" instead of "-ane" or "-ene." Alkynes can be named with IUPAC names or common names. The IUPAC system uses a step-by-step method based on the molecule’s structure. First, find the longest carbon chain that contains the triple bond. Add the suffix "-yne" to the parent chain name. In the example shown, the longest chain has seven carbon atoms, so the parent...

acidity of 1-alkynes

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Terminal alkynes are more acidic than alkenes and alkanes. Acid strength is usually measured with pKa, and a lower pKa means a stronger acid. Ethane has a pKa of 51, ethene has a pKa of 44, and acetylene has a pKa of 25. That means acetylene is far more acidic than the other two hydrocarbons. This difference comes from the stability of the carbanion formed after deprotonation. A carbanion is a negatively charged carbon species. In ethane, ethene, and acetylene, the lone pair sits in an sp3,...

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preparation-of-alkynes-alkylation-reaction

Alkyne Chain Extension by Alkylation

Terminal alkynes can be made into longer carbon-chain alkynes by alkylation with primary alkyl halides. This reaction uses a strong base such as sodium amide. One example is 1-propyne, which reacts with sodium amide and then ethyl bromide to give 2-pentyne. The reaction happens in two steps. First, the strong base removes the acidic hydrogen from the terminal alkyne and forms an acetylide ion. An acetylide ion is the carbon-based species that then takes part in the next step. Next, the...

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preparation-of-alkynes-dehydrohalogenation

Making Alkynes from Dihalides

Alkynes can be made from vicinal or geminal dihalides by dehydrohalogenation. This reaction uses a strong base, such as sodium amide, in liquid ammonia. Two equivalents of hydrogen halide are lost through two successive E2 elimination reactions. In a vicinal dihalide, the two halogen atoms are on neighboring carbon atoms. The first E2 step removes a proton that is anti to the leaving group. Because E2 reactions are concerted, the proton is removed and the halide leaves at the same time. This...

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electrophilic-addition-to-alkynes-halogenation

Alkyne Halogenation and Anti Addition

Alkyne halogenation is an electrophilic addition reaction where a halogen molecule adds across a triple bond. Because alkynes have two π bonds, they can add two equivalents of bromine or chlorine. The first addition usually gives a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. A second equivalent of halogen then forms the tetrahalide. The reaction begins when a π bond in the alkyne acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic end of the polarized...

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Alkyne Reactions with HX and HBr Peroxides

Hydrohalogenation of alkynes adds hydrogen halides, HX, across a carbon-carbon triple bond. In this reaction, X can be chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The first addition gives a vinyl halide, and the second addition gives a geminal dihalide. When HCl reacts with an alkyne, one pathway begins with proton transfer to the triple bond. The pi electrons attack the hydrogen in hydrogen chloride and push out chloride ion. This forms a secondary vinylic carbocation, and chloride then attacks to make a...

alkynes to aldehydes and ketones: acid-catalyzed hydration

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Keto-Enol Tautomerism in Alkyne Hydration

Alkyne hydration uses acid, water, and a mercuric salt to convert alkynes into aldehydes and ketones. It is similar to alkene hydration, but the product type is different. A mercuric salt such as mercuric sulfate, HgSO4, is usually added because the reaction is much slower than alkene hydration. Terminal alkynes follow Markovnikov’s rule during hydration. In contrast, internal alkynes do not add water in a regioselective way. That means the product outcome depends on the alkynes structure. <br...

alkynes to aldehydes and ketones: hydroboration-oxidation

alkynes-to-aldehydes-and-ketones-hydroboration-oxidation

Alkyne Hydration via Borane and Peroxide

Alkyne hydration can make aldehydes and ketones through hydroboration-oxidation. In this indirect hydration reaction, an alkyne first reacts with borane, then with alkaline peroxide. The alkyne forms an enol, and that enol quickly changes into a carbonyl product. Terminal alkynes give aldehydes, while internal alkynes give ketones. The reaction happens in two steps. The hydroboration step is a concerted syn addition, which means the boron and hydrogen add to the same side of the carbon-carbon...

alkynes to carboxylic acids: oxidative cleavage

alkynes-to-carboxylic-acids-oxidative-cleavage

Triple-Bond Cleavage in Alkynes

Alkynes can be broken apart by oxidative cleavage. This reaction uses strong oxidizing reagents such as potassium permanganate and ozone. It cuts the triple bond, which has one sigma bond and two pi bonds, and turns the alkyne into carboxylic acids. With warm, basic aqueous potassium permanganate, the alkyne first forms an unstable alpha-diketone intermediate. The reaction then gives carboxylate salts. A mild acid treatment protonates these carboxylate anions and produces the free carboxylic...

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Alkyne hydrogenation can stop at a cis-alkene instead of going all the way to an alkane. Transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni add hydrogen in two syn steps, which means both hydrogens add to the same side. The cis-alkene is the key intermediate in this process. Hydrogenation also helps compare the thermodynamic stability of hydrocarbons. Acetylene has a heat of hydrogenation of −176 kJ/mol, while ethylene has a value of −137 kJ/mol. The larger heat released for acetylene shows that...

reduction of alkynes to trans-alkenes: sodium in liquid ammonia

reduction-of-alkynes-to-trans-alkenes-sodium-in-liquid-ammonia

Dissolving Metal Reduction of Alkynes

Dissolving metal reduction turns alkynes into trans-alkenes with sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. This reaction gives the alkene with anti addition across the carbon-carbon triple bond, which leads to the trans product. The reaction must be kept very cold because ammonia is a gas at room temperature. It is run with a dry ice and acetone bath, which holds the mixture at low temperature. When sodium dissolves in liquid ammonia, it forms sodium ions and free electrons. Ammonia molecules...

key terms and concepts

Learn how to name alkynes using IUPAC rules, multiple triple bonds, double and triple bonds, cyclic alkynes, common names, and terminal vs. internal alkynes.

Naming Alkynes with IUPAC Rules | JoVE K12

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a ...

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.

PS.PSc.1.4

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Use models to compare representations of atoms, ions, and isotopes.

PS.PSc.1.5

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.PSc.1.6

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.

PS.PSc.2.1

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

Nomenclature of Alkenes

The IUPAC naming system for alkenes replaces -an- with -en- in the corresponding parent alkanes. Accordingly, a simple alkene replaces the -ane suffix of ...

structure-and-nomenclature-of-alcohols-and-phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview 
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is ...

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two &#8212; ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing &#8220;e&#8221; in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...

nomenclature-of-aromatic-compounds-with-a-single-substituent

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the ...

nomenclature-of-aromatic-compounds-with-multiple-substituents

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted ...

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (&#8211;NH2), ...

nomenclature-of-secondary-and-tertiary-amines

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary ...

nomenclature-of-aryl-and-heterocyclic-amines

Nomenclature of Aryl and Heterocyclic Amines

The simplest aromatic amine is phenylamine, which contains an &#8211;NH2 functionality directly attached to an aromatic ring. The name aniline is ...

Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.

Chemical Equations

Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are ...

Balancing Redox Equations

Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to execute the balancing of chemical equations to illustrate the Law of Conservation of Mass.

PS.PSc.2.3

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Naming Alkynes with IUPAC Rules

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