Name: comparing categories with bar charts
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:13:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 7 s
Channel: JoVE
Description: A bar graph, also called a bar chart, compares categories with separate bars. The bars may be horizontal or vertical. Each bar stands apart so the viewer can compare groups clearly.

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Biology

Diversity And Interdependence Of Life

Ecosystems

Bar Graph

Recall that qualitative data represent non-numerical variables such as different hair colors, types of vehicles, or various courses offered by a college.&#160;
For instance, consider a frequency table with the number of students enrolled for each of these courses&#8212;Statistics, Biology, Physics, and Chemistry.&#160;&#160;
Such qualitative data can be represented visually using a bar graph.&#160;
The categories of qualitative data&#8212;the different courses offered&#8212;are represented along the horizontal axis, and the frequencies, or the number of students, are given along the vertical axis.&#160;
Then, draw bars of equal width connecting the categories and the corresponding number of students. The height of these bars denotes the frequencies of different categories.
The first bar indicates that five students are enrolled in Statistics, the second bar shows three students enrolled in Biology, and so on. These bars can be placed with or without gaps between them.&#160;

bar graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons among categories. The bars can be rectangles, or they can be rectangular boxes (used in three-dimensional plots). One axis of the graph represents the specific categories being compared, and the other axis shows a discrete value. In this graph, the length of the bar for each category is proportional to the number or percent of individuals in each category. Some bar charts show bars clustered in groups of more than one (grouped bar graphs), and others depict the bars divided into subparts to show cumulative effect (stacked bar graphs). A bar graph is a better choice than a line graph or histogram because this data is categorical rather than continuous. Also, it is appropriate to compare the relative size of the categories. It is to be noted that the bar graphs that are organized from highest to lowest are called Pareto charts.

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

Education

JoVE Core

Statistics

Unit 1

Summarizing and Visualizing Data

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

comparing categories with bar charts

A bar graph, also called a bar chart, compares categories with separate bars. The bars may be horizontal or vertical. Each bar stands apart so the viewer can compare groups clearly.

Comparing Categories with Bar Charts

review and preview

Descriptive Statistics and Graphs

Descriptive statistics help summarize data with numbers and graphs. Data are individual pieces of information collected from a population or a sample. They can be qualitative, which means categorical, or quantitative, which includes continuous and discrete data. In many studies, researchers do not measure every member of a population. Instead, they use a sample to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group chosen so that each individual has an equal chance of being...

what is a frequency distribution

Reading Frequency Tables and Histograms

Frequency distributions organize quantitative data by showing how often each value appears. A frequency is the number of times a data value occurs. When the frequency values are added together, the total equals the number of students in the sample. These distributions are useful for grouping numerical data into clear patterns. They can be shown in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart. A histogram displays tabulated frequencies as adjacent rectangles over discrete intervals,...

construction of frequency distribution

Building a Frequency Table from Data

A frequency distribution table organizes data by showing how often each value appears. It starts with two columns: one for the data labels and one for frequency. A third column for tally marks can be added if needed. The next step is to look at the data set and decide whether an ungrouped frequency distribution table or a grouped frequency distribution table is more suitable. If the data includes a large set of different values, a grouped frequency distribution table is the better choice. This...

relative frequency distribution

Relative Frequency in Data Tables

Relative frequency distribution shows how often each value or class appears in a data set as a fraction of the whole. To find a relative frequency, divide each class frequency by the total number of data points in the sample. The result can be written as a fraction, decimal, or percent. This type of distribution is very similar to a regular frequency distribution. The same data are grouped in classes, and the same rules are used to build those classes. The main difference is in the way the...

percentage frequency distribution

Survey Data as Percentage Frequencies

Survey data can be shown as percentage frequencies to display how observations are spread across each data point or group. This format shows the share of the total for each response or category. It is a common way to present relative frequency in survey results and other data. Percentage frequency distributions are often displayed as bar graphs, pie charts, or tables. These displays make it easier to compare groups and see how much each category contributes to the whole. They are useful...

cumulative frequency distribution

Building a Cumulative Frequency Table

A cumulative frequency distribution shows how data build up across class intervals. Instead of counting only the values in one class, it counts the values in that class and in every class to its left. It is a useful way to track how data accumulate as the table progresses. A cumulative frequency is found by adding the frequency of each class lower than the class interval or category being studied. In other words, each new total includes the current class and the frequencies from the lower...

ogive graph

Cumulative Frequency Graph for Medians

An ogive graph is a cumulative frequency graph used in statistics. It is also called a cumulative frequency polygon. Instead of showing each class on its own, it adds the cumulative percentages from left to right. An ogive graph plots cumulative frequency on the vertical y-axis and class boundaries on the horizontal x-axis. It looks similar to a histogram, but it uses single points instead of rectangles. Each point appears where the top right corner of a histogram bar would be. This graph is...

histogram

Reading Data Patterns with Histograms

A histogram shows how data is distributed in a data set. It uses an x-y graph to display the pattern of the data. The x-axis is labeled with what the data represents, such as distance from home to school. The y-axis shows frequency, relative frequency, percent frequency, or probability. A histogram is made of adjoining bars. The height of each bar matches the frequency value for that class. Even with different labels, the graph keeps the same overall shape. Like a stemplot, a histogram can...

relative frequency histogram

Reading Relative Frequency in Histograms

A relative frequency histogram shows how data are spread across classes using percentages instead of counts. The relative frequency tells the proportion of data points in each value or class. The frequency tells the number of data points in each value or class. This graph has the same overall shape as a histogram. It uses a horizontal scale on the x-axis, and it marks the y-axis with relative frequencies, which are percentages of the whole. Each bar shows how many data values fall into a...

scatter plot

Reading Relationships in a Scatter Plot

A scatter plot shows the relationship between two variables, x and y. It is one of the easiest ways to display how the variables are connected. The graph can show the direction of the relationship. It can also show whether the points suggest a clear pattern or little pattern at all. A clear direction appears when high values of one variable go with high values of the other variable. It can also appear when low values of one variable go with low values of the other variable. Another pattern...

time-series graph

Reading Trends with Time-Series Graphs

A time-series graph shows repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. This type of line graph helps organize data that changes over time. To build a time-series graph, use both parts of a paired data set. Plot the time increments on the horizontal axis. Plot the measured values on the vertical axis. Each point then shows one time and one quantity, and the points are usually connected with straight lines in the order they occur. <br...

A bar graph, also called a bar chart, compares categories with separate bars. The bars may be horizontal or vertical. Each bar stands apart so the viewer can compare groups clearly.

multiple bar graph

Comparing Data with Multiple Bar Graphs

A multiple bar graph compares two or more sets of data with grouped bars. It works like a bar graph, but it uses several bars to show related values side by side. Each bar or column stands for one data value. This graph is useful when the data share the same unit of measurement. You can include many parameters, as long as they use that same unit. The categories are placed on the horizontal x-axis, and the frequency is shown on the vertical y-axis. Multiple bar graphs are used mainly to relate...

pareto chart

Pareto Chart for Ranking Data

A Pareto chart is a bar graph used to rank data by size or frequency. It can also combine bars with a line graph. In the chart, the bar lengths show the individual values or how often each category appears, and the line shows the cumulative total. The bars are arranged from longest on the left to shortest on the right. This order makes the data easier to read and interpret. A Pareto chart is also called a Pareto diagram or Pareto analysis. The chart is named after the Italian economist...

pie chart

Pie Chart Data and Percentages

A pie chart shows categorical data in a circular graph. It is divided into slices, and each slice shows a numerical proportion. This makes it easy to compare the relative size of parts in one chart. In a pie chart, the central angle, the arc length of each slice, and the area are directly proportional to the quantity or percentage it represents. That means larger values take up larger slices. Smaller values take up smaller slices. Pie charts are useful for real-world data such as marks...

key terms and concepts

Learn how bar graphs compare categories using separate horizontal or vertical bars, grouped and stacked formats, and why they fit categorical data.

Comparing Categories with Bar Charts | JoVE K12

statistics

JoVE Core Statistics introduces the concepts and application of the collection, analysis, presentation, and interpretation of data to students. These animated lessons provide an understanding of statistics beneficial to students from a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.1

BIO.1.c

Chemistry

CH.1

CH.1.c

Earth Science

ES.1

ES.1.c

ES.1.e

Life Science

LS.1

LS.1.c

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.1.

112.49.c.1.F.

LS.1.e

Physical Science

PS.1

PS.1.c

Physics

PH.1

PH.1.c

PH.1.e

Specialised Topic in Science

112.51.c.1.

112.51.c.1.F.

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.F

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.8

Next Generation Science Standards

BIO.1.F

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.F

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.F

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and ...

The Evidence for Evolution

Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandFirst, familiarize yourself with the extinction reading supplement for the background on what ...

Diversity and Extinction during the Paleogene Epoch
ExpandBegin this procedure by reading the extinction reading supplement that has been printed out for ...

Biodiversity
• Genetic diversity
• Species diversity

Content elaboration: The great diversity of organisms and ecological niches they occupy result from more than 3.8 billion years of evolution. Populations of individual species and groups of species comprise a vast reserve of genetic diversity. Loss of diversity alters energy flow, cycles of matter and persistence within biological communities. Loss of genetic diversity in a population increases its probability of extinction.

Biodiversity

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Ecosystems
• Equilibrium and disequilibrium
• Carrying capacity

Content elaboration: Ecosystems change as geological and biological conditions vary due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Like many complex systems, ecosystems have cyclical fluctuations around a state of equilibrium. The rate of these fluctuations in ecosystems can increase due to anthropogenic factors. Changes in ecosystems may lead to disequilibrium, which can be seen in variations in carrying capacities for many species. Authentic data are used to study the rate of change in matter and energy relationships, population dynamics, carbon and nitrogen cycling, population changes and growth within an ecosystem. Graphs, charts, histograms and algebraic thinking are used to explain concepts of carrying capacity of populations and homeostasis within ecosystems by investigating changes in populations that occur locally or regionally. Mathematical models can include the exponential growth model and the logistic growth model. The simplest version of the logistic growth model is Population Growth Rate=rN(K-N)/K, which incorporates the biological concept of limited (non-infinite) carrying capacity, based upon intra- and interspecies competition for resources such as food, as represented by the variable K. Carrying capacity is defined as the population equilibrium size when births and deaths are equal; hence Population Growth Rate = zero.

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Loss of diversity
• Climate change
• Anthropocene effects
• Extinction
• Invasive species

Content elaboration: An ecosystem will maintain equilibrium with small fluctuations in its abiotic and biotic components, but significant fluctuations can result in long-term alterations of the ecosystem and ultimately a loss of biodiversity. This can be caused by natural and anthropogenic events. Humans are a biotic factor in ecosystems and can impact critical variables within these systems. Climate is dependent on a number of feedback loops between sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere and the biosphere. Increasing mean global temperatures cause increased variance in weather that impacts both biotic and abiotic factors. Multiple changes happening simultaneously can stress ecosystems. Extreme events such as prolonged drought, floods, or the introduction or removal of species can result in long-term alterations to ecosystems and their functions. The current rate of extinction is at least 100-1000 times the average background rate observed in the fossil record. The observed rates of biodiversity loss are indicative of a severe and pervasive disequilibrium in ecosystems. At the high school level, students should examine the factors that contribute to the accelerated extinction rates observed today and the implications of declining biodiversity carrying capacity. Misconceptions about population growth capacity, interspecies and intraspecies competition for resources, and what occurs when members of a species immigrate to or emigrate from ecosystems are included in this topic. Technology can be used to access real-time/authentic data to study population changes and growth in specific locations.

Loss of diversity

Comparing Categories with Bar Charts

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