Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

Cells use a variety of signaling mechanisms to coordinate cellular processes and communicate with other cells. A signaling pathway is initiated when a signaling molecule called a ligand binds to its target receptor.
Paracrine signaling occurs when a secreted ligand targets the neighboring cells. Whereas, autocrine signaling occurs when the ligand targets the same cell that released it.
In a juxtacrine or contact-dependent signaling pathway, a ligand remains bound to the cell surface and interacts directly with the receptors on adjacent cells. Small soluble ligands may also directly flow between cells via gap junctions in the plasma membrane.
Multicellular organisms coordinate cellular behavior over a long distances. In endocrine signaling, hormones travel to different body parts through the bloodstream.
Synaptic signaling between neurons is a specialized form of long-range signaling. At the synaptic junction, the axon terminal of a neuron secretes ligands called neurotransmitters to communicate with target cells.
Additionally, quorum sensing is carried out by some bacterial communities to react together by sensing a critical concentration of signaling ligands.

overview of cell signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch information, while photoreceptors in the retina can detect light. Most cells, however, have evolved to respond to chemical signals, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and many other types of signaling molecules. Cells can even coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule.
Typically, cell signaling involves three steps: (1) reception, (2) transduction, and (3)&#160; response. In most signal reception, a membrane-impermeable molecule, or ligand, causes a change in a membrane receptor; however, some signaling molecules, such as hormones, can cross the membrane to reach their internal receptors. The membrane receptor can then send this signal to intracellular messengers, transducing the message into a cellular response. This intracellular response may include changes in transcription, translation, protein activation, and other responses.
Unicellular organisms such as bacteria can use a type of cell signaling called quorum sensing to detect their concentration in a colony and generate coordinated responses. Eukaryotic cells can release ligands that target the same cell that produced the signal (autocrine signaling) or neighboring cells (paracrine signaling). Signals can even be sent over long distances, as in the case of some hormones, and produce responses in distant cells, called endocrine signaling. Contact-dependent signaling describes physical pathways created between neighboring cells through which cytoplasmic signals can rapidly pass. Nervous system cells can generate rapid responses through a specialization of cell signaling called synaptic signaling.

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Essential Cellular Processes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

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transcription

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translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

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molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

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Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

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Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

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cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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