Name: heart position, apex, and pericardium
Uploaded: 2024-07-18T13:37:00.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Transport

Cardiovascular System

Location and Orientation of the Heart

The heart is located in the mediastinum and spans from the first rib to the diaphragm. It lies anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum, and between the lungs.
The atria form the heart&#39;s superior tip, called the base. It is tipped towards the right shoulder and is the primary entry and exit point for the blood vessels.
The lower end of the left ventricle forms the heart&#39;s inferior point, called the apex. It is angled towards the left hip and rests on the diaphragm.
The heart is surrounded by a protective double-walled covering known as the pericardium, which helps anchor and firmly hold it in the mediastinum.
The superficial layer of the pericardium, the fibrous pericardium, protects the heart, limits its stretching, and restricts the volume of blood inside it.
The deep layer of the pericardium, the serous pericardium, comprises the outer parietal pericardium and the inner visceral pericardium or the epicardium.
The pericardial cavity, which is between the parietal and visceral layers, is filled with pericardial fluid to reduce friction during heart contractions.

location and orientation of the heart

The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line. The lungs flank the heart laterally.
The heart&#39;s broad base points towards the right shoulder, while its apex points inferiorly towards the left hip. The apex can be felt as an apical impulse in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line, which is an imaginary line that runs vertically down from the midpoint of the clavicle.
The heart is protected by a double-walled sac known as the pericardium. The fibrous pericardium, the superficial part of this sac, is a tough layer of dense connective tissue that protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures, and prevents it from overfilling with blood.
Beneath the fibrous pericardium lies the serous pericardium, a thin, slippery two-layer membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart. Its parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium, attaching to the large arteries exiting the heart. The internal visceral layer, also known as the epicardium, is an integral part of the heart wall.
Between these layers is the pericardial cavity, containing a film of serous fluid that provides a friction-free environment for the heart. However, inflammation of the pericardium, or pericarditis, roughens these surfaces, potentially leading to adhesions of the visceral and parietal pericardium that impede heart activity. Severe cases may result in cardiac tamponade, a condition where excess inflammatory fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood. This condition is treated by draining the excess fluid from the pericardial cavity and treating the underlying cause.

The heart is located in the mediastinum and spans from the first rib to the diaphragm. It lies anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

The Heart

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

heart position, apex, and pericardium

The human heart sits in the mediastinum, the middle space of the thorax. It is about the size of a fist and weighs about 250 to 350 grams. The heart lies on the superior surface of the diaphragm and extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm.

The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. About two-thirds of its mass lies to the left of the midsternal line. The lungs lie on either side of the heart. The broad base of the heart points toward the right shoulder, while the apex points inferiorly toward the left hip.

The apex can be felt as an apical impulse in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line. The midclavicular line is an imaginary vertical line that drops from the midpoint of the clavicle. This surface landmark helps locate the lower tip of the heart in the chest.

The heart is protected by the pericardium, a double-walled sac. The fibrous pericardium is the outer, tough layer of dense connective tissue. It protects the heart, anchors it to nearby structures, and helps prevent it from overfilling with blood.

Beneath the fibrous layer is the serous pericardium, a thin and slippery two-layer membrane. Its parietal layer lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium and attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart. Its visceral layer, also called the epicardium, is part of the heart wall.

Between the parietal and visceral layers is the pericardial cavity. A thin film of serous fluid in this space reduces friction as the heart beats. If the pericardium becomes inflamed, a condition called pericarditis, the surfaces can become rough and form adhesions that interfere with heart activity. In severe cases, excess inflammatory fluid can build up and cause cardiac tamponade, which compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood. Treatment involves draining the fluid from the pericardial cavity and addressing the underlying cause.

Heart Position, Apex, and Pericardium

overview of the heart

How the Heart Pumps Blood

The heart is a muscular organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body. It works as the main pump of the vascular system. The heart has four chambers. The two atria are on top, and the two ventricles are below. Blood enters the right atrium from the body as deoxygenated blood, which means it has less oxygen. It then moves to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps this blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium. It then passes to...

The human heart sits in the mediastinum, the middle space of the thorax. It is about the size of a fist and weighs about 250 to 350 grams. The heart lies on the superior surface of the diaphragm and extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. About two-thirds of its mass lies to the left of the midsternal line. The lungs lie on either side of the heart. The broad base of the heart points toward the right...

layers of the heart wall

Heart Wall Layers and Their Roles

The heart wall has three layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. Each layer has a different structure and job. Together, they help the heart pump blood through the body. The outermost layer is the epicardium. It is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. This layer has a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue. Fat deposits are also found here, and they increase with age. The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart wall.

chambers of the heart

Heart Chambers and Blood Flow Pathway

The heart chambers work together to move blood through the body and the lungs. The human heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The atria are the upper chambers, and the ventricles are the lower chambers. They are separated by the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum. The outside of the heart also shows clear dividing lines. The coronary sulcus separates the atria from the ventricles. The anterior and posterior...

heart valves

How Heart Valves Prevent Backflow

The heart valves keep blood moving in one direction through the heart. The main valve groups are the atrioventricular, or AV, valves and the semilunar valves. Together, they help stop blood from flowing backward as the heart chambers contract and relax. The AV valves stop blood from moving back into the atria when the ventricles contract. They work with the chordae tendineae, which are tough cord-like strands, and the papillary muscles. When the ventricles relax, the chordae tendineae are...

overview of systemic and pulmonary circulation

overview-of-systemic-and-pulmonary-circulation

Pathway of Blood Through Heart and Lungs

The circulatory system moves blood in two linked routes: pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation. Together, these circuits carry blood between the heart, the lungs, and the rest of the body. Pulmonary circulation comes first in this cycle. In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen. It then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and...

coronary circulation

How the Heart Gets Its Blood

Coronary circulation is the blood supply that keeps the heart muscle alive. The heart does not use the same blood it pumps to feed itself. Instead, it depends on a separate vessel network that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium, or heart muscle. This is the shortest circulation in the body. Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where the left and right coronary arteries arise. These arteries wrap around the heart in the coronary sulcus and send blood inward to the...

conduction system of the heart

How the Heart Sets Its Own Beat

The heart sets its own beat through autorhythmicity, which is its built-in ability to generate electrical signals and start muscle contractions. This process depends on a self-regulating conduction system. It includes pacemaker cells and specialized conducting cells. Pacemaker cells are found in two main nodes: the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node. The SA node can depolarize on its own. That electrical change starts an action potential that causes the atria to contract. <br...

electrocardiogram

Reading Heart Waves on an ECG

An electrocardiogram, or ECG/EKG, records the heart’s electrical signals during each heartbeat. Electrodes are placed on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph then amplifies the signals and creates 12 tracings that show the heart’s electrical activity from different views. A normal ECG has three main waveforms. The P wave shows atrial depolarization, which is the spread of action potentials through the atria. The QRS complex shows rapid ventricular depolarization, and the T wave...

cardiac cycle

Heartbeat Stages and Valve Action

The heartbeat follows a set of stages that move blood through the heart. This process is driven by changes in pressure and by the opening and closing of the heart valves. It includes systole, or contraction, and diastole, or relaxation. The sequence starts in mid-to-late diastole, when the heart is fully relaxed. During this time, blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles. Atrial systole then begins as the atria contract and push the remaining blood into the ventricles. Next...

correlation between ecg and cardiac cycle

correlation-between-ecg-and-cardiac-cycle

ECG Waves Across the Cardiac Cycle

ECG waves show how the heart’s electrical signals line up with the cardiac cycle. The electrical activity appears before the heart muscle’s mechanical contraction and relaxation. On an electrocardiogram, the main waves help link each electrical event to a specific stage of the heartbeat. A cardiac action potential starts in the SA node, or sinoatrial node, and spreads through the atria and the AV node in about 0.03 seconds. This creates the P wave on the ECG and triggers atrial contraction.

disturbances in heart rhythm

Heart Rhythm Disorders and Emergency Care

Heart rhythm disorders, also called arrhythmias or dysrhythmias, happen when the heart’s conduction system has a defect. They can make the heart beat irregularly, too fast, or too slow. People may notice chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting. Many things can trigger an arrhythmia. Stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte imbalances are all possible causes. These triggers can disrupt the electrical signals that control the...

heart sounds

Auscultation and Normal Heart Sounds

Auscultation is the process of listening to internal body sounds with a stethoscope. Heart sounds are created by turbulence in blood flow when the heart valves close. These sounds are usually heard best a little away from the valves, where the blood flow spreads the sound. The heart makes four types of sounds, but a stethoscope usually picks up only S1 and S2. S1 is the “lub” sound. It happens when the atrioventricular, or A-V, valves close at the start of ventricular systole. S1 is usually...

cardiac output and stroke volume

How Heart Rate Shapes Cardiac Output

Cardiac output shows how much blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the volume ejected by the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk. Heart rate and stroke volume work together to set this value. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per minute, and stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out with each beat. Cardiac output is found by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume. In an average resting adult male, it is about 5.25 L/min. That estimate uses a heart rate of...

regulation of stroke volume

Stroke Volume: Preload to Afterload

Stroke volume depends on preload, contractility, and afterload. These three factors work together to control how much blood a ventricle ejects with each heartbeat. Understanding them helps explain how the heart keeps blood moving through the circulatory system. Preload is the stretch on the heart before it contracts. It is linked to the Frank-Starling law of the heart, which says that when the heart fills with more blood during diastole, it contracts more forcefully during systole. Preload is...

regulation of heart rates

How the Heart Adjusts Its Beat

Heart rate changes through signals from the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and the heart's own built-in control systems. The autonomic nervous system has two main parts. The sympathetic nervous system raises heart rate, and the parasympathetic nervous system lowers it. The sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine and epinephrine. These chemicals act on beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart. They increase the rate of depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the...

exercise and cardiac output

How Exercise Strengthens the Heart

Exercise strengthens the heart and improves cardiovascular health. Aerobic exercise is especially effective. The American Heart Association recommends 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise each week for a healthy heart. Brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming are all examples. These activities are best done three to five times per week. During sustained exercise, muscles need more oxygen. The body meets this demand through enough cardiac output and...

imbalances in cardiac output

Congestive Heart Failure Causes and Effects

Congestive heart failure (CHF) happens when the heart becomes an inefficient pump. The heart normally keeps blood leaving the heart and blood returning to it in balance. When that balance is disrupted, blood circulation drops and the body does not get enough flow. CHF can affect the left side of the heart, the right side, or both. Left-side failure can cause pulmonary congestion, which means blood backs up in the lungs. The right side may still send blood to the lungs, but the left side cannot...

development of the heart

Heart Tube Formation and Folding

Heart tube formation and folding shape the early human heart. The process begins in the mesoderm, a middle layer of embryonic tissue, on day 18 or 19 after fertilization. It starts in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the head end of the embryo. These cells extend into cardiogenic cords and then change into hollow endocardial tubes. As the embryo folds from side to side, the paired tubes move closer together. They join into one primitive heart tube by day 21. By day 22, this...

key terms and concepts

Learn where the heart sits in the chest, how to find the apex beat, and how the pericardium protects the heart and reduces friction.

Heart Position, Apex, and Pericardium | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular or circulatory system comprises the blood, the heart, and the blood vessels.
Blood is a specialized fluid comprising cells in a liquid ...

Characteristics and Functions of Blood

Approximately 8% of the body mass comprises whole blood, a specialized connective tissue vital for transportation, regulation, and protection.
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Whole blood consists of the blood plasma, a fluid extracellular matrix, and formed elements, including cells and cell fragments.
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Composition of Blood Plasma

Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of ...

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Erythropoiesis

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Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

There are 4.2 to 6 million erythrocytes, or red blood cells, per microliter of blood. These small cells are flattened biconcave discs with depressed ...

Hemoglobin

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Vascular Spasm

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Formation of the Platelet Plug

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extrinsic-and-intrinsic-pathways-of-hemostasis

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

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The ABO Blood Group

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Rh Blood Group

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Blood Typing

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Blood Transfusion

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Blood

Content elaboration: Blood is composed of plasma and the formed elements: red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). The primary functions of blood are transportation, protection and regulation. Plasma, the most abundant component of blood, is the liquid portion that transports dissolved nutrients, waste, hormones, antibodies and proteins throughout the body. Red blood cells carry oxygen used during cellular processes throughout the body. White blood cells identify and protect the body against infectious disease and foreign cells. Platelets bind together when a blood vessel is damaged resulting in blood clot formation. The major ABO blood types, A, B, AB and O, are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. An additional antigen is present or absent on the surface of red blood cells determining Rh factor. Blood type antibodies are found in plasma. Processes related to blood include the production of blood cells and platelets, and hemostasis. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, deep vein thrombosis, leukemia and lymphoma. Investigations are used to understand and explain blood in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Blood

Overview of the Heart

The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood through the body.
It is cone-shaped and weighs about 250 to 300 grams on average.
The heart is ...

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall has three layers&#8212;the epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium.
The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of ...

Chambers of the Heart

The heart has four chambers&#8212;the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
Externally, the coronary sulcus separates the atria ...

Heart Valves

The heart valves open and close in response to the pressure gradients created by the contracting heart chambers.
These valves regulate the blood flow by ...

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

The pulmonary and systemic circuits work sequentially to move blood between the heart, lungs, and peripheral tissues.
Pulmonary circulation transports ...

Coronary Circulation

The myocardium has its own network of blood vessels, separate from the systemic and pulmonary circuits, called the coronary circulation.
The left and ...

Conduction System of the Heart

Autorhythmicity refers to the innate ability of the heart to initiate electrical signals and trigger muscle contractions.
This intrinsic conduction system ...

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram, abbreviated as ECG, or EKG, is a test that captures a record of the heart&#39;s electrical activity.
It is performed by placing ...

Cardiac Cycle

The cardiac cycle comprises the contraction, or systole, and relaxation, or diastole, during one heartbeat.
During atrial systole, cardiac action ...

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac ...

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Disturbances in the heart rhythm, or arrhythmia, can cause irregular heartbeats.
If the heart rate falls below fifty beats per minute, it is called ...

Heart Sounds

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These are best heard at chest locations slightly away from the valves ...

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output is the blood volume ejected from the ventricles into the blood vessels each minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by ...

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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Regulation of Heart Rates

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Exercise and Cardiac Output

Physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health.
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output

Congestive heart failure, or CHF, can reduce the heart's pumping efficiency.
In CHF, an increase in preload excessively stretches the myocardium, ...

Development of the Heart

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Overview of Blood Vessels

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Structure of Blood Vessels

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Venous Return

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Pulse

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Capillary Beds

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Venules

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Cardiovascular System

Content elaboration: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is mostly comprised of cardiac muscle which is supplied with oxygenated blood by coronary arteries. The structure of the heart includes four chambers, four valves and major vessels leading to and from the heart. The flow of blood through the heart, pulmonary and systemic circuits should be explored. Blood flows from arteries, to arterioles, to capillaries, to venules, then to veins. In the capillaries, oxygen, nutrients, and chemical messengers diffuse out (leave) and carbon dioxide and other waste products diffuse in (enter). Veins have valves that keep the blood flowing toward the heart. The primary function of the cardiovascular system is the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and chemical messengers. Processes involved in the cardiovascular system include the cardiac cycle and cardiac and conductive pathway which is measured by electrocardiograms and blood pressure. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, a variety of cardiovascular diseases and structural imperfections of the heart, valves and vessels. Examples include, but are not limited to, myocardial infarction, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypo/hypertension and arrhythmias. Investigations are used to understand and explain the cardiovascular system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Heart Position, Apex, and Pericardium

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