Name: asthma triggers and risk factors
Uploaded: 2024-10-25T15:12:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 29 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Absorption And Excretion

Respiratory System

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by hyperresponsive airways, mucosal swelling, and excessive mucus production.
These conditions result in recurring symptoms such as coughing, chest tightness, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Several risk factors and triggers can provoke asthma attacks.
Respiratory infections, especially viral infections like the common cold, can worsen asthma symptoms.
Inhaling tobacco smoke, both active and passive, is a significant trigger, with smoking during pregnancy posing a considerable risk to the fetus.
Allergies such as allergic rhinitis or eczema also increase the likelihood of developing asthma.
Environmental pollutants like particulate matter and smog exacerbate symptoms.
Indoor and outdoor allergens can trigger attacks, including pollen, pet dander, dust mites, cockroaches, fungi, and molds.
Physical activity can lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, while specific workplaces with irritants or chemicals can cause occupational asthma.
Additional triggers include genetics, gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and certain medications.

asthma-i: introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental factors and individual health.
Risk Factors for Asthma
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Genetic Predisposition: A family history of asthma or allergic conditions, such as eczema or allergic rhinitis, increases the risk.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Environmental Allergens: Exposure to allergens, including pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, and cockroach waste can trigger asthma symptoms.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Respiratory Infections: Childhood viral respiratory infections may damage lung tissue and increase asthma susceptibility.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs expose individuals to chemical irritants, industrial dust, and fumes, heightening asthma risk.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Air Pollution: Both outdoor and indoor pollutants (including smog, tobacco smoke or strong odors) can aggravate asthma symptoms and increase risk.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Smoking: Smoking, including passive smoke exposure, especially in childhood, raises the likelihood of developing asthma.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Obesity: Recent studies suggest a link between obesity and an elevated risk of asthma.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Gender and Age: Asthma is more prevalent in children than adults, with a higher incidence in boys than girls during childhood. However, among adults, women are more likely to have asthma than men.</li>
</ul>
Triggers Associated with Asthma
<ul>
	<li>&#8226; Allergens: Common triggers include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and mold.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Respiratory Infections: Infections like colds, flu, and sinusitis can precipitate asthma attacks.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Exercise: Exercise, particularly in cold, dry air, can lead to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).</li>
	<li>&#8226; Weather Conditions: Asthma symptoms can be provoked by weather changes, including cold, dry air, or high humidity.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Airborne Irritants: Smoke, pollution, strong odors, and chemical fumes are common irritants.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Stress and Emotions: Emotional stressors can trigger asthma symptoms.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Medications: Asthma may be exacerbated by certain drugs, including aspirin, NSAIDs, and beta-blockers.</li>
	<li>&#8226; Food Additives: Though rare, sulfites in food and drinks can trigger asthma in sensitive individuals.</li>
</ul>
Understanding and avoiding personal triggers effectively is crucial to controlling asthma. An appropriate medical regimen, including inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and leukotriene modifiers, is vital. Developing a personalized asthma action plan with healthcare providers ensures individuals can manage symptoms and effectively handle asthma attacks. This approach helps minimize exacerbations and maintain better overall lung function. Regular medical reviews are recommended to adjust treatment plans as necessary and ensure optimal asthma control, emphasizing the importance of personalized care.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by hyperresponsive airways, mucosal swelling, and excessive mucus production.
These conditions ...

Education

JoVE Core

Medical-Surgical Nursing

Unit 1

Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

asthma triggers and risk factors

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways and can cause wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. It involves airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. The frequency and severity of symptoms can change over time.

Asthma is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants. A family history of asthma or allergic conditions, such as eczema or allergic rhinitis, can raise risk. Environmental allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, and cockroach waste may also trigger symptoms.

Other risk factors include childhood viral respiratory infections, certain occupational exposures, air pollution, smoking, obesity, and age or gender patterns. Chemical irritants, industrial dust, and fumes can increase risk in some jobs. Outdoor and indoor pollutants, including smog, tobacco smoke, and strong odors, can worsen asthma. Smoking and passive smoke exposure, especially in childhood, increase the chance of developing asthma. Asthma is more common in children than adults, and boys are more often affected than girls during childhood. In adults, women are more likely to have asthma than men.

Common asthma triggers include allergens, respiratory infections like colds, flu, and sinusitis, exercise, weather changes, airborne irritants, stress, emotions, medications, and food additives. Exercise in cold, dry air can cause exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, or EIB, which means narrowing of the airways during activity. Cold, dry air or high humidity can also provoke symptoms. Smoke, pollution, strong odors, and chemical fumes are common irritants. Some people may also react to aspirin, NSAIDs, beta-blockers, or, more rarely, sulfites in food and drinks.

Knowing personal triggers is an important part of asthma control. Treatment may include inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting beta-agonists, and leukotriene modifiers. A personalized asthma action plan helps people manage symptoms and respond to asthma attacks. Regular medical reviews are also important so treatment can be adjusted as needed and lung function stays as stable as possible.

Asthma Triggers and Risk Factors

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-i: introduction

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-i-introduction

COPD Causes, Stages, and Diagnosis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a long-term lung disease that makes breathing harder over time. It causes airflow obstruction because of changes in the airways and alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs. COPD usually develops after long exposure to harmful particles or gases and needs ongoing care. COPD mainly includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema damages the alveoli and lowers their elasticity, so air becomes trapped in the lungs. Chronic bronchitis causes a...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-ii: pathophysiology

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-ii-pathophysiology

COPD Lung Damage and Airflow Blockage

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, affects the lungs through ongoing inflammation, tissue damage, and blocked airflow. Cigarette smoke is a major irritant, but environmental dust, chemicals, and air pollution can also trigger the inflammatory response in the airways and lung tissue. Inflammatory cells then move into the airway walls. These cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. They release mediators such as cytokines and leukotrienes, which help keep the...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-iii: symptoms and complications.

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-iii-symptoms-and-complications

COPD Symptoms, Body Effects, and Complications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes both breathing symptoms and wider effects on the body. The main signs come from reduced airflow, while systemic, or extrapulmonary, symptoms reflect how COPD affects other body systems. Primary symptoms often include a chronic cough that may produce mucus. Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, usually gets worse with physical activity and can progress over time. Wheezing, chest tightness, frequent respiratory infections, and increased mucus...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-iv: assessement and diagnostic studies

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-iv-assessement-diagnostic

COPD Diagnosis: History, Tests, and Findings

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is diagnosed by combining the patient’s history, a physical exam, and several tests. This approach helps healthcare providers confirm COPD and judge how severe it is so they can plan care. Medical history is a major part of the evaluation. Providers ask about a chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and flare-ups called exacerbations. They also review smoking habits, including duration and intensity in pack-years, because smoking is...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-v: management

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-v-management

COPD Care: Treatments and Daily Support

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) care focuses on lowering symptoms, preventing flare-ups, improving health, and slowing disease progression. Management often combines lifestyle changes, medicines, supportive therapies, and, in some cases, surgery. The plan is adjusted to the person’s needs, disease severity, and response to treatment. Smoking cessation is the most important step for patients with COPD who smoke. Quitting can slow disease progression, reduce the number of...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-v: nursing management

chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-v-nursing-management

COPD Care: Nursing Steps and Support

COPD nursing care focuses on assessment, planning, interventions, and evaluation. Nurses use these steps to support patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and help manage breathing problems. The goal is to provide thorough care and improve daily function. Assessment starts with a review of medical history. Nurses look for risk factors such as smoking, environmental exposures, and a history of respiratory problems or flare-ups. They also perform a physical exam. This includes...

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways and can cause wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. It involves airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction. The frequency and severity of symptoms can change over time. Asthma is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants. A family history of asthma or allergic conditions, such as eczema or allergic rhinitis, can raise risk. Environmental...

asthma-ii: pathophysiology and classification

asthma-ii-pathophysiology-and-classification

Asthma: Airway Inflammation and Triggers

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways and makes breathing harder. It involves airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, which means the airways react too strongly to triggers. Environmental and genetic factors can both affect a person's chance of developing asthma and how severe it becomes. Asthma often begins when a person is exposed to an allergen or irritant. That exposure activates immune cells such as mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, T and...

asthma-iii: symptoms and complications

Asthma Severity, Signs, and Risks

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory condition, and it is classified by how often symptoms happen, how severe they are, and how much lung function is reduced. This classification helps guide treatment and day-to-day management. It also helps explain why some people have mild symptoms while others have more serious limitations. Intermittent asthma means symptoms happen fewer than twice a week. Night-time awakenings happen fewer than twice a month, and a short-acting beta-agonist, or SABA, is...

asthma-iv: diagnostic and management

Asthma Testing, Treatment, and Inhaler Use

Asthma testing, treatment, and inhaler use rely on a careful clinical assessment, lung function testing, and the right medicines. Doctors begin by asking about symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and breathlessness. They also look for triggers like exercise, allergens, or cold air. The physical exam focuses on the lungs and breathing pattern. A clinician may listen for wheezing and check for allergic rhinitis or eczema, which often occur with asthma. Symptom frequency,...

asthma-iv: nursing management

Asthma Care Plan: Nursing Steps

Asthma care planning uses nursing assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. These steps help nurses respond to breathing problems, reduce symptoms, and support daily life. The process also helps guide long-term education and treatment.

key terms and concepts

Explore asthma risk factors and common triggers, from allergens and smoke to exercise and infections, plus key steps for managing symptoms.

Asthma Triggers and Risk Factors | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Medical-Surgical Nursing offers comprehensive animated lessons that cover major systems of the human body, integrating anatomy and physiology with system-specific assessments. This collection encompasses disease conditions based on the body systems, detailing their pathophysiology, medical and surgical management, and nursing interventions. These lessons provide a clear and practical understanding of medical-surgical care, equipping students with essential skills for managing patient care in various clinical settings.

medical-surgical nursing

Major Organs of the Digestive System

The human digestive system consists of two major parts: the gastrointestinal &#8212; GI &#8212; tract and the accessory organs.
The GI tract begins with ...

Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the body&#39;s largest serous membrane enveloping the abdominal cavity.
It has two portions &#8212; the parietal and visceral peritoneum ...

histology-of-the-gastrointestinal-gi-tract

Histology of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

The gastrointestinal tract has four tissue layers.
The innermost layer, mucosa, is characterized as a mucous membrane. It consists of an epithelium, ...

Nerve Supply of the GI Tract

The gastrointestinal tract has its own intrinsic set of nerves forming the enteric nervous system or ENS,&#160; which is partly controlled by the ...

Regulation of the Digestive System

Along with the enteric nervous system, digestive activity is regulated by mechanical and chemical stimuli and hormones.
Various receptors located within ...

Blood Supply to the Digestive System

Splanchnic circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the abdominal organs involved in digestion, including the ...

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or mouth, comprises the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue.
The walls of the mouth are lined with thick, stratified squamous epithelium, ...

Tongue

The tongue, an accessory digestive organ, forms the floor of the oral cavity and extends into the oropharynx.
It is composed of two types of skeletal ...

Salivary Glands and Saliva

Saliva is composed of 97 to 99.5% water. The remaining proportion includes enzymes such as lipases and amylases, electrolytes, dissolved gasses, IgA, ...

Teeth

Teeth are accessory digestive organs that aid in physically breaking down food.
&#160;The gums, or gingivae, of both the mandible and maxilla hold the ...

Tooth Anatomy

The tooth has a crown and a root connected via a constricted area known as the neck.
The crown is visible above the gingivae and is protected by enamel.
...

Esophagus

The esophagus is a muscular conduit approximately 25 cm long that helps transport food from the mouth to the stomach.
It courses through the mediastinum ...

Deglutition

Deglutition, or swallowing, is a mechanism that transports food from the mouth to the stomach.
This process has three stages &#8212; the buccal, ...

Gross Anatomy of the Stomach

The stomach is a J-shaped organ connecting the esophagus to the duodenal end of the small intestine in the abdominal cavity.
The size and shape of the ...

Stomach Histology

The stomach wall consists of several layers, including the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa.
The outermost layer, the serosa, is composed ...

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

The specialized enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands secrete most of the digestive hormones.
These cells, such as the G, D, and ...

Cephalic Phase of Digestion

Digestion has three overlapping phases &#8212; cephalic, gastric, and intestinal &#8212; based on the location of their control center.
The cephalic phase ...

Gastric Phase of Digestion

Local, neural and hormonal mechanisms trigger the gastric phase after food enters the stomach, lasting approximately 3-4 hours.
The incoming food bolus ...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Prominent liver and gallbladder diseases include cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD, and gallstones.
Cirrhosis is a liver ...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

After the gastric phase, the chyme from the stomach moves into the small intestine, gradually decreasing the stomach distention.
In contrast, the arrival ...

Pancreas

The pancreas is a pinkish-gray organ located behind the stomach. It extends from the duodenum to the spleen.
It can be divided into a broad head located ...

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

In the gastric glands, the parietal cells are involved in hydrochloric acid or HCl formation.
These cells first synthesize carbonic acid, which ...

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a colorless liquid composed of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes secreted by the exocrine cells.
During digestion, chyme ...

Gastric Motility

Gastric motility is the coordinated movement of stomach muscles and secretions, which propels food and liquids through the stomach.
As the swallowed food ...

Small Intestine

The small intestine is a tubular structure extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocecal valve of the large intestine.
This long, ...

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying is the gradual release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum.
Stomach distention triggers the gastroenteric reflex, releasing ...

Histology of the Small Intestine

The histology of each part of the small intestine varies. The jejunum has the most prominent folds and villi, while the distal ileum has fewer folds but ...

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver is the largest gland in the body, weighing approximately 1.4 kg in adults.
It is wedge-shaped and located more in the right hypochondriac and ...

mechanical-and-chemical-digestion-in-the-small-intestine

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine

The small intestine plays a crucial role in our digestive system, performing both mechanical and chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion in the small ...

Liver Histology

The liver comprises several histological components, such as hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and sinusoids.
Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells ...

Large Intestine

The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small ...

Bile

Bile is a yellow-green alkaline liquid secreted by the liver into the right and left hepatic ducts and then into the common hepatic duct. From here, it ...

Histology of the Large Intestine

The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. ...

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a muscular sac located in a shallow fossa on the inferior surface of the liver. It measures about 10 cm in length and is roughly the ...

Bacterial Flora of the Large

Intestine

The vast and varied community of bacteria colonizing the large intestine forms the gut microbiome.
Bacteria start residing in the gut at birth and ...

Liver Physiology

Liver functions primarily include bile production, metabolic regulation, and hematological functions.
During carbohydrate metabolism, the liver regulates ...

digestive-functions-of-the-large-intestine

Digestive Functions of the Large Intestine

The final stages of digestion occur in the large intestine when the cecum receives chyme, which has little nutritional value except for the indigestible ...

Absorption of Nutrients

During digestion in the small intestine, macromolecules&#8212; carbohydrates, proteins, and fats &#8212; are broken down into their simplest forms.
These ...

Feces Formation and Defecation

After spending 3 to 10 hours in the large intestine, chyme loses a lot of water and becomes feces, the final product of digestion. Feces consist of ...

Other Disorders of Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract of the digestive system is susceptible to various disorders.
The incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter results in the ...

Digestive System

Content elaboration: The digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) as well as various accessory organs including the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system processes and supplies the molecules needed to sustain the living tissues within the body through the absorption of nutrients. Six major functions of the digestive system include secretion, ingestion, mechanical processing, enzymatic digestion, absorption and excretion. The lining of the digestive system protects surrounding tissues from the mechanical and enzymatic stresses of the digestive process. Processes of the digestive system include the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules which are then absorbed by the digestive tract. Specific actions within the digestive system include mastication, peristalsis, segmentation and the release of hormones and enzymes necessary for digestion. The metabolic functions of the accessory organs play strategic roles in the breakdown of food products, the maintenance of glucose levels within the blood and the regulation of homeostasis in the body. Indigestible material is excreted as waste. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, conditions such as gallstones, heartburn, ulcers, dehydration, diarrhea, cirrhosis and cancers of the digestive system. Investigations are used to understand and explain the digestive system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Digestive System

Overview of Respiratory System

The respiratory system includes both upper and lower respiratory organs.
The upper respiratory organs consist of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal ...

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). ...

Pharynx

The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented ...

Larynx

The larynx or voice box connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
It includes unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis, as ...

Trachea

The trachea or windpipe begins at the larynx and extends into the mediastinum, bifurcating into two main bronchi in the mid-thorax region.
The tracheal ...

The Bronchial Tree

The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let&#39;s ...

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

Within a pulmonary lobule, the terminal bronchioles branch into microscopic respiratory bronchioles, which conduct air to the respiratory zone of the ...

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known ...

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement ...

pressure-relationships-in-thoracic-cavity

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Healthy respiration in humans requires proper air pressure levels in different respiratory organs.
These pressures are expressed relative to the ...

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and ...

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Exhalation &#8212; the process of expelling air &#8212; during quiet breathing in healthy individuals relies on the elasticity of the lungs rather than ...

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing is influenced by the alternating pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, ...

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

The respiratory system is responsible for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide from the body. Respiratory volumes describe the volume ...

physical-principles-governing-gas-exchange

Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange

Inhaled air contains a mixture of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, among others.
Dalton&#39;s law is fundamental to ...

External and Internal Respiration

External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries in the lungs.
This gas exchange always ...

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Blood primarily transports oxygen bound to hemoglobin in RBCs, with a small percentage dissolved in the plasma due to its low solubility in the blood.
...

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs in three ways.
About 7-10% travels dissolved in plasma.
Over 20% is bound to hemoglobin, forming ...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a progressive respiratory illness that causes airflow obstruction, affecting the bronchioles, bronchi, ...

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a condition where body tissues don&#39;t receive an adequate oxygen supply. It may be categorized into four distinct types.
Anemic hypoxia ...

Neural Control of Respiration

Groups of neurons in the brainstem called the respiratory centers mediate the regulation of respiration.
The two primary centers are the medullary ...

chemical-factors-affecting-respiration-centers

Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

CO2, O2, and H+ ion levels affect the rate of respiration.
These changes are detected by the central chemoreceptors in the brain stem, and the peripheral ...

other-factors-affecting-respiration-centers

Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

The human body responds to various stimuli to regulate the breathing rate via receptors present in respiratory organs.
Physical and chemical irritants in ...

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is a condition where the rate and depth of breathing exceed the body&#39;s need to remove CO2, often occurring during anxiety attacks.
...

Respiratory System

Content elaboration: The respiratory system is comprised of the airways, lungs and diaphragm. The airways include the nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. The respiratory system transports and exchanges gases including oxygen and carbon dioxide. Processes involved in the respiratory system include respiration mechanics and gas exchange. Respiration mechanics is the process by which humans breathe and includes the movement of the diaphragm and pressure-volume relationships. Gas exchange refers to the diffusion of gas across the alveolar epithelium in the respiratory system and capillary endothelium of the cardiovascular system. Lung volumes and capacities can be measured using spirometry. Homeostatic imbalances are explored. These include, but are not limited to, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and the effects of smoking and pollution. Investigations are used to understand and explain the respiratory system in a variety of inquiry and design scenarios that can incorporate evolutionary concepts, scientific reasoning, comparative analysis, communication skills and real-world applications.

Asthma Triggers and Risk Factors

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