
SCIENCE EDUCATION > Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering
This collection introduces fundamental concepts in aeronautical engineering with a focus on methods to evaluate aerodynamic performance, techniques to visualize subsonic and supersonic flow patterns, and procedures to calibrate measurement systems for real-time flight control.
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Aerodynamic Performance of a Model Aircraft: The DC-6B
Source: Jose Roberto Moreto and Xiaofeng Liu, Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
The low-speed wind tunnel is a valuable tool to study aircraft aerodynamic characteristics and evaluate aircraft performance and stability. Using a scale model of a DC-6B aircraft that has a removable tail and a 6-component external aerodynamic force balance, we can measure the lift coefficient
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Propeller Characterization: Variations in Pitch, Diameter, and Blade Number on Performance
Source: Shreyas Narsipur, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
A propeller is a twisted airfoil, where the angle of the chord changes with respect to the location, along the radial station, as shown in Figure 1. Propellers are widely used in aircraft and watercraft propulsion systems thereby necessitating detailed characterizations of propellers to design high performance vehicles.
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Airfoil Behavior: Pressure Distribution over a Clark Y-14 Wing
Source: David Guo, College of Engineering, Technology, and Aeronautics (CETA), Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), Manchester, New Hampshire
An airfoil is a 2-dimensional wing section that represents critical wing performance characteristics. The pressure distribution and lift coefficient are important parameters that characterize the behavior of airfoils. The pressure distribution is directly related to the lift generated by
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Clark Y-14 Wing Performance: Deployment of High-lift Devices (Flaps and Slats)
Source: David Guo, College of Engineering, Technology, and Aeronautics (CETA), Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), Manchester, New Hampshire
A wing is the major lift-generating apparatus in an airplane. Wing performance can be further enhanced by deploying high-lift devices, such as flaps (at the trailing edge) and slats (at the leading edge) during takeoff or landing.
In this experiment, a wind tunnel is utilized to
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Turbulence Sphere Method: Evaluating Wind Tunnel Flow Quality
Source: Jose Roberto Moreto and Xiaofeng Liu, Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Wind tunnel tests are useful in the design of vehicles and structures that are subjected to airflow during their use. Wind tunnel data are generated by applying a controlled air flow to a model of the object being studied. The test model usually has a similar geometry but is a smaller scale compared to the
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Cross Cylindrical Flow: Measuring Pressure Distribution and Estimating Drag Coefficients
Source: David Guo, College of Engineering, Technology, and Aeronautics (CETA), Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), Manchester, New Hampshire
The pressure distributions and drag estimations for cross cylindrical flow have been investigated for centuries. By ideal inviscid potential flow theory, the pressure distribution around a cylinder is vertically symmetric. The pressure distribution upstream and downstream of the cylinder is
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Nozzle Analysis: Variations in Mach Number and Pressure Along a Converging and a Converging-diverging Nozzle
Source: Shreyas Narsipur, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
A nozzle is a device that is commonly used to accelerate or decelerate flow by virtue of its varying cross-section. Nozzles are widely used in aerospace propulsion systems. In rockets, propellant that is ejected from the chamber is accelerated through a nozzle to create a reaction force that propels the system. In jet engines, a
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Schlieren Imaging: A Technique to Visualize Supersonic Flow Features
Source: Jose Roberto Moreto, Jaime Dorado, and Xiaofeng Liu, Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
Military jet fighters and projectiles can fly at incredible speeds that exceed the speed of sound, which means they are traveling at a supersonic speed. The speed of sound is the speed at which a sound wave propagates through a medium, which is 343 m/s. Mach numbers are used to gauge the flight
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Flow Visualization in a Water Tunnel: Observing the Leading-edge Vortex Over a Delta Wing
Source: Jose Roberto Moreto, Gustaaf Jacobs and Xiaofeng Liu, Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
The delta wing, shown in Figure 1D, is a popular design in high-speed airplanes due to its superb performance in transonic and supersonic flight regimes. This type of wing has a small aspect ratio and high sweep angle, which reduces drag at high subsonic, transonic and supersonic flight
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Surface Dye Flow Visualization: A Qualitative Method to Observe Streakline Patterns in Supersonic Flow
Flow visualization around or on a body is an important tool in aerodynamics research. It provides a method to qualitatively and quantitatively study flow structure, and it also helps researchers theorize and verify fluid flow behavior. Flow visualization can be divided into two categories: off-the-surface visualization and surface flow visualization. Off-the-surface flow visualization techniques involve determining the flow characteristics
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Pitot-static Tube: A Device to Measure Air Flow Speed
Source: David Guo, College of Engineering, Technology, and Aeronautics (CETA), Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU), Manchester, New Hampshire
A Pitot-static tube is widely used for measuring unknown speeds in air flow, for example, it is used to measure airplane airspeed. By Bernoulli's principle, airspeed is directly related to variations in pressure. Therefore, the Pitot-static tube senses the stagnation pressure and static
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Constant Temperature Anemometry: A Tool to Study Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
Source: Xiaofeng Liu, Jose Roberto Moreto, and Jaime Dorado, Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
A boundary layer is a thin flow region immediately adjacent to the surface of a solid body immersed in flow field. In this region, viscous effects, such as the viscous shear stress, dominate, and the flow is retarded due to the influence of friction between the fluid and the solid surface.
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Pressure Transducer: Calibration Using a Pitot-static Tube
Source: Shreyas Narsipur, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
Fluid pressure is an important flow characteristic that is required to determine the aerodynamics of a system. One of the oldest and still existing pressure measurement systems is the manometer due to its accuracy and simplicity of operation. The manometer is generally a U-shaped glass tube that is partially filled with liquid,
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Real-time Flight Control: Embedded Sensor Calibration and Data Acquisition
Source: Ella M. Atkins, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Overview
Autopilot allows aircraft to be stabilized using data collected from onboard sensors that measure the aircraft’s orientation, angular velocity, and airspeed. These quantities can be adjusted by the autopilot so that the aircraft automatically follows a flight plan from launch (takeoff) through recovery (landing).
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Multicopter Aerodynamics: Characterizing Thrust on a Hexacopter
Source: Prashin Sharma and Ella M. Atkins, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Multicopters are becoming popular for a variety of hobby and commercial applications. They are commonly available as quadcopter (four thrusters), hexacopter (six thrusters), and octocopter (eight thrusters) configurations. Here, we describe an experimental process to characterize the multicopter performance. A modular
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