Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a critical region of the brainstem. It contains several nuclei having vital functions.

The lateral side of each pyramid has a swelling called the olive.

Within these olives are the inferior olivary nuclei, primarily involved in motor coordination. They relay the degree of stretch in muscles and joints and generate rhythmic motor patterns, for instance, during locomotion.

The cuneate and gracile nuclei located posteriorly in the medulla are involved in tactile, vibratory, and proprioceptive sensations.

The solitary nuclei receive and integrate visceral sensory information from the thoracic and abdominal organs.

They also play a crucial role in regulating autonomic functions, such as cardiovascular and respiratory control, gastrointestinal motility, and taste sensation.

The medulla also contains a cardiovascular center regulating the heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels.

The medullary respiratory center controls the rhythms of breathing.

The medulla also has a vomiting center that triggers the expulsion of contents of the upper GI tract and centers that control reflexes for sneezing, hiccupping, and coughing.