Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a progressive condition characterized by three primary symptoms: chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea.

Initially, individuals may experience intermittent coughing, which often becomes a persistent daily symptom.

Inflammation leads goblet cells in the airway lining to produce more mucus, resulting in excessive sputum.

Dyspnea, initially occurring mainly during physical activity, becomes more frequent and can occur even at rest as COPD progresses.

In advanced COPD, particularly in emphysema, patients develop barrel chests due to chronic lung overinflation and loss of elasticity, causing the rib cage to remain constantly expanded.

In later stages, COPD can cause retraction of the supraclavicular fossae during inspiration, leading to shoulder heaving and the use of accessory muscles for inhalation.

Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, or environmental factors such as allergens or air pollution, can trigger COPD exacerbations and potentially cause musculoskeletal wasting, metabolic syndromes, respiratory failure, and cor pulmonale.