Expansion Pathology: A Method for High-resolution Optical Imaging of Clinical Tissue Samples

Abstract

Source: Klimas, A. et al. Nanoscopic Imaging of Human Tissue Sections via Physical and Isotropic Expansion. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)

In this video, we describe a method called expansion pathology, a variant of expansion microscopy, wherein the clinical tissue specimens are chemically expanded using a polymer network for microscopic examination of nanoscale structures.

Protocol

1. In Situ Polymerization of Specimens

1. Incubate the specimen in an anchoring solution.
   1. Prepare the anchoring solution (typically 250 µL is enough to cover the tissue section) by diluting the AcX stock solution in 1x PBS to a concentration of 0.03 mg/mL for samples fixed with non-aldehyde fixatives or 0.1 mg/mL for samples fixed with aldehyde fixatives, which have fewer free amines available to react with AcX.
   2. Place the slide in a 100 mm Petri dish and pipette the anchoring solution over the tissue. Incubate for at least 3 h at RT or overnight at 4 °C.
2. Incubate the samples in gelling solution.
   1. Prepare at least 100-fold excess volume of gelling solution. Per 200 µL, combine the following, in order: 188 µL of monomer solution, 4 µL of 0.5% 4HT stock solution (1:50 dilution, final concentration: 0.01%), 4 µL of 10% TEMED stock solution (1:50 dilution, final concentration 0.2%), and 4 µL of 10% APS stock solution (1:50 dilution, final concentration 0.2%).
      NOTE: Gelling solution should be made immediately before use. The solution should be kept at 4 °C and the APS solution should be added last, to prevent premature gelling.
   2. Remove the excess solution from the tissue section and place the slide in a 100 mm Petri dish. Add fresh, cold gelling solution to the sample and incubate the mixture on the tissue for 30 min at 4 °C, to allow diffusion of solution into the tissue.
3. Construct a chamber on the slide around the sample (Figure 1A) without disturbing the gelling solution.
   1. Make spacers for the gelling chamber by thinly cutting pieces of cover glass using a diamond knife.
      ​NOTE: To facilitate imaging post-expansion, the spacers should be close in thickness to the tissue specimen to reduce the amount of blank gel above the tissue. Number 1.5 glass can be used for standard clinical samples (5−10 µm). Cover glass pieces can be stacked for thicker samples.
   2. Secure the spacers on either side of the tissue using droplets of water (~10 µL).
   3. Carefully place a cover glass lid over the slide, making sure to avoid trapping air bubbles over the tissue (Figure 1B).
4. Incubate the sample at 37 °C in a humidified environment (such as a closed Petri dish with a damp wipe) for 2 h.
   NOTE: The protocol can be paused here. The slide chamber can be stored inside a sealed Petri dish at 4 °C.

2. Sample Digestion

1. Remove the lid of the gelling chamber by gently sliding a razor blade under the coverslip and slowly lifting the coverslip off the gel surface. Trim the blank gel around the tissue to minimize volume. Cut the gel asymmetrically to track the orientation of the gel after homogenization, since the sample will become transparent.
   1. Dilute ProK by 1:200 in digestion buffer (final concentration 4 U/mL) before use. Prepare enough solution to completely submerge the gel; a single well of a four-well plastic cell culture plate requires at least 3 mL per well.
   2. Incubate the sample in a closed container containing the digestion buffer for 3 h at 60 °C. If the sample does not detach from the slide during digestion, use a razor blade to gently remove the sample.
      NOTE: The specimen should be completely submerged in digestion buffer to prevent the sample from drying out and placed in a covered container (small slide box, plastic well, Petri dish, etc.) that can be sealed with film.

3. Sample Expansion and Imaging

1. Use a soft paintbrush to transfer the specimen into 1x PBS in a container compatible with the desired imaging system and large enough to accommodate the fully expanded gel. Make sure that the tissue is placed with the sample-side down if imaging on an inverted system or up if imaging on an upright system to minimize the distance from the imaging objective to the sample. Flip the gel using a soft paintbrush if needed.
   NOTE: Side-illumination from an LED can be used to make them visible in liquid. A standard 6-well plate can accommodate samples that have a pre-expanded diameter less than 0.6 cm. A glass-bottom well plate should be used for imaging on an inverted system.
2. Wash the samples in 1x PBS at RT for 10 min. If desired, re-stain the sample with 300 nM DAPI as the digestion process washes away the DAPI stain. Remove PBS and stain with 300 nM DAPI diluted in 1x PBS for 20 min at RT, followed by a 10 min wash with 1x PBS at RT.
   NOTE: The samples can be covered with 1x PBS and stored at 4 °C before proceeding to the next step.
3. To expand the samples, replace the PBS and wash with an excess volume of ddH₂O (at least 10x the final gel volume) 3−5 times for 10 min each, at RT.
   NOTE: After the 3^rd or 4^th wash, the specimen's expansion should begin to plateau. For storage, to prevent bacterial growth, the ddH₂O can be supplemented with 0.002%−0.01% sodium azide (NaN₃). In this case, the final expansion factor is reversibly reduced by 10%.
4. Perform fluorescence imaging using a conventional wide-field microscope, confocal microscope, or other imaging system of choice.
   NOTE: To prevent gels from drifting, excess liquid can be removed from the well. Gels can also be immobilized with 1.5−2% low-melt agarose. Prepare 1.5−2%(w/v) low-melt agarose in water in a container 2−4 times the volume of solution. Warm the solution in a 40 °C water bath or in a microwave for 10−20 s to melt the solution. Pipette the melted agarose around the edges of the gel. After allowing the agarose to harden at RT or 4 °C, add water to the sample to prevent dehydration.

Results

Figure 1: Gelation chamber for pathology samples. (A) Two spacers, such as two pieces of #1.5 cover glass cut with a diamond knife, are placed on either side of the tissue after incubating the sample in gelling solution at 4...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
6-well glass-bottom plate (#1.5 coverglass)	 Cellvis	 P06-1.5H-N
Acetone	 Fischer Scientifc	 A18-500
Acrylamide	 Sigma Aldrich	 A8887
Acryloyl-X SE, (AcX)	 Invitrogen	 A20770
Agarose	 Fischer Scientifc	 BP160-100
Ammonium persulfate (APS)	 Sigma Aldrich	 A3678	 Initiatior
DAPI (1 mg/mL)	 Thermo Scientific	 62248	 Nuclear stain
Diamond knife No. 88 CM	 General Tools	 31116
Ethanol	 Pharmco	 111000200
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 0.5 M	 VWR	 BDH7830-1
FFPE Kidney Sample	 USBiomax	 HuFPT072
Forceps
Micro cover Glass #1 (24 mm x 60 mm)	 VWR	 48393 106
Micro cover Glass #1.5 (24 mm x 60 mm)	 VWR	 48393 251
N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)	 Sigma Aldrich	 T9281	 Accelerator
N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide	 Sigma Aldrich	 M7279
Nunclon 6-Well Cell Culture Dish	 Thermo Fisher	 140675
Nunc 15 mL Conical	 Thermo Fisher	 339651
Nunc 50 mL Conical	 Thermo Fisher	 339653
Orbital Shaker
Paint brush
pH Meter
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) 10x Solution	 Fischer Scientifc	 BP399-1
Plastic Petri Dish (100 mm)	 Fischer Scientifc	 FB0875713
Proteinase K (Molecular Biology Grade)	 Thermo Scientific	 EO0491
Razor blade	 Fischer Scientifc	 12640
Safelock Microcentrifuge Tubes 1.5 mL	 Thermo Fisher	 3457
Safelock Microcentrifuge Tubes 2.0 mL	 Thermo Fisher	 3459
Sodium acrylate	 Sigma Aldrich	 408220
Sodium chloride	 Sigma Aldrich	 S6191
Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate	 Sigma Aldrich	 C8532-1KG
Tris Base	 Fischer Scientifc	 BP152-1
Triton X-100	 Sigma Aldrich	 T8787
Xylene	 Sigma Aldrich	 214736