The Use of Thermal Infra-Red Imaging to Detect Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

Summary

The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether using an infra-red thermal camera is a valid tool for detecting and quantifying the muscle soreness after exercising.

Abstract

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), also known as exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), is commonly experienced in individuals who have been physically inactive for prolonged periods of time, and begin with an unexpected bout of exercise^1-4, but can also occur in athletes who exercise beyond their normal limits of training⁵. The symptoms associated with this painful phenomenon can range from slight muscle tenderness, to severe debilitating pain^1,3,5. The intensity of these symptoms and the related discomfort increases within the first 24 hours following the termination of the exercise, and peaks between 24 to 72 hours post exercise^1,3. For this reason, DOMS is one of the most common recurrent forms of sports injury that can affect an individual’s performance, and become intimidating for many^1,4.

For the last 3 decades, the DOMS phenomenon has gained a considerable amount of interest amongst researchers and specialists in exercise physiology, sports, and rehabilitation fields⁶. There has been a variety of published studies investigating this painful occurrence in regards to its underlying mechanisms, treatment interventions, and preventive strategies^1-5,7-12. However, it is evident from the literature that DOMS is not an easy pathology to quantify, as there is a wide amount of variability between the measurement tools and methods used to quantify this condition⁶. It is obvious that no agreement has been made on one best evaluation measure for DOMS, which makes it difficult to verify whether a specific intervention really helps in decreasing the symptoms associated with this type of soreness or not. Thus, DOMS can be seen as somewhat ambiguous, because many studies depend on measuring soreness using a visual analog scale (VAS)^10,13-15, which is a subjective rather than an objective measure. Even though needle biopsies of the muscle, and blood levels of myofibre proteins might be considered a gold standard to some⁶, large variations in some of these blood proteins have been documented ^6,16, in addition to the high risks sometimes associated with invasive techniques.

Therefore, in the current investigation, we tested a thermal infra-red (IR) imaging technique of the skin above the exercised muscle to detect the associated muscle soreness. Infra-red thermography has been used, and found to be successful in detecting different types of diseases and infections since the 1950’s¹⁷. But surprisingly, near to nothing has been done on DOMS and changes in skin temperature. The main purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in DOMS using this safe and non-invasive technique.

Protocol

1. The Exercise

1. The muscle of interest for this experiment was the elbow flexors (Biceps Brachii).
2. Muscle strength was measured for each participant to be able to give each individual an appropriate resistance. This was determined by testing each participant for their resistance maximum (RM).
3. For testing the RM, we used a strain gauge device interfaced with a computer through a BioPac (DA-100C) bioelectric amplifier module (BioPac Systems, Goleta, CA) to measure muscle strength. The module was connected to an MP-100 analog to digital converter sampling at a frequency of 1,000 hertz per second, and at a resolution of 24 bi....

Discussion

The primary purpose of this investigation was to assess the usefulness of thermal IR imaging in detecting and measuring muscle soreness after strenuous exercise, and our results suggest that IR imaging could be a valid technique for detecting DOMS, especially within the first 24 hours of exercising. This is not surprising, as Pennes¹⁸ provided a very detailed model of heat flow from muscle to skin in limbs. This model predicts that heat in deeper tissues such as muscles can be dissipated into blood and into th.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Infra-Red Thermal Camera	FLIR Systems Inc.	FLIR SC660
Thermal Infra-Red Analysis Software	Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.	Software Version 1.10.2
Bi–lectric Amplifier Module	Biopac Systems, Inc.	DA100C	The DA100C provides variable gain settings, and adjustable voltage references.
Analog to Digital Converter Module	Biopac Systems, Inc.	MP100
Automated enzyme Immunoassay Analyzer	Tosoh Corp.	AIA -360	This device was used to analyze the blood samples, and obtain the myoglobin readings.