Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

Summary

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

Abstract

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously ¹. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

Introduction

Gingiva is the soft tissue surrounding the cervical portion of the teeth and covers the alveolar process (Figure 1). The gingiva is a type of masticatory mucosa that can be further separated into mucosal epithelium and connective tissue (also known as submucosa or lamina propria). The anatomical structure of the gingiva and adjacent teeth allows bacteria to reside and develop plaque (biofilm) that constantly challenges the local immune system. As a result, inflammatory response develops in the gingiva, which in certain circumstances becomes destructive - a condition termed periodontal diseases ². Basically, plaque-induced periodontal pathologies can be divided into gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis represents a reversible condition of local inflammatory response that is confined to the gingiva. Periodontitis, on the other hand, is an irreversible destructive process in which the attachment apparatus (alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum and gingiva) is destroyed ³.

The gingiva was proposed to serve both as effector and inductive sites during periodontal diseases ⁴. Human studies have suggested that in response to dental plaque, immune effector cells and molecules dynamically infiltrated or departure the gingiva ^5-7. This activity was shown to play a major role in periodontal destruction ^8,9. Whereas data generated by those studies provided valuable information regarding this pathological process, working with human tissues possess major ethical, technical and experimental limitations. The development of experimental models allowed cause-effect experimentations via employing transgenic mice and in vivo interventions ¹⁰. As a result, our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in periodontal disease increased considerably during the last two decades. Even so, due to the complexity of periodontal diseases, there is an ongoing debate regarding the nature of local immune response facilitating tissue destruction. There is also a lack in our understanding on the function of central immune cells in the gingiva during periodontal diseases. It is thus essential to study pathological inflammatory events occurring in the target tissue of the disease, the gingiva.

Protocol

Prepare in advance:

• PBS + 2% FCS
• PBS + 2% FCS with 2 mg/ml of Collagenase Type II and 1 mg/ml of DNAse Type I (1 ml per sample)
• Sterilized surgical instruments
• 0.5 M EDTA solution

1. Upper Gingival Excision Technique

1. Euthanize mice using approved IACUC guidance.
2. Cut both sides of the oral cavity including the cheeks and the mandible ramus with a sharp/blunt straight scissors.
3. Pull down the mandible.
4. Cut the soft and hard tissues in an imaginary line 1 mm behind the thirds molars with standard scissors. Direct the scissors perpendicular to the plane of the palatal bone (Figure 2A, blue lines).
5. Incise the soft and hard tissues 2 mm behind the incisors (Figure 2A, blue lines).
6. Pull down the anterior part of the mouth. The nasal cavity is observable after this step.
7. Place the scissors parallel to the palate, put one blade into the nasal cavity, the other blade should incise at the vestibule. Cut until the posterior incision (Figure 2A, green lines). Repeat this step on both sides of the maxilla. At the end the maxilla is detached from the rest of the skull (Figure 2B).
8. Remove the maxilla, cut it in the middle suture (Figure 2, black dashed line) and trim the palatal tissue of each hemi-maxilla until reaching the alveolar bone.
9. Peel the gingival tissues (both hemi-maxillae) from their anterior border with Adson forceps (without teeth).
10. Place the excised gingiva in a plate with PBS + 2% FCS.

2. Gingival Processing

1. Put the excised gingiva in a tissue culture dish (35 x 10 mm) with 1 ml PBS + 2% FCS, 2 mg/ml of Collagenase Type II and 1 mg/ml of DNAse Type I.
2. Mince well the tissue with an N°15 sterile surgical blade.
3. Transfer the tissue from the plate to a 15 ml conical test tube.
4. Wash the tissue/cells remaining on the plate with 1 ml PBS + 2% FCS and transfer to the same test tube.
5. Incubate in a shaker incubator for 20 min at 37 °C, 200 rpm (recommendation: preheat the incubator).
6. Add 20 μl of EDTA 0.5 M and incubate for another 10 min at 37 °C, 200 rpm.
7. Fill the test tube up to 12 ml with PBS + 2% FCS and centrifuge at 4 °C, 400 x g for 8 min (recommendation: pre-chill the centrifuge).
8. Remove supernatant and resuspend cells with 2 ml PBS + 2% FCS.
9. Filter the sample with a 70 μm cell-strainer and save flow through.
10. Centrifuge at 4 °C, 320 x g for 5 min.
11. Remove supernatant and resuspend cells with 300 μl PBS + 2% FCS.
12. Count the cells (approximately 5-10 x 10⁵ cells are expected from a single maxilla).

3. Extracellular and Intracellular Antibody Staining for Flow Cytometry Analysis

It is recommended to work inside a hood, with lights off. It is critical to keep the cells in constant cold environment, as well as all the materials needed.

1. Stain cells against extracellular molecules by adding 0.2-0.5 μg of each selected antibody per 1 x 10⁶ cells in a total volume of 100 μl.
2. Vortex briefly.
3. Incubate the tubes for 15 min in the dark at 4 °C.
4. Wash cells with 2 ml PBS + 2% FCS.
5. Centrifuge at 4 °C, 320 x g for 5 min.
6. Aspirate supernatant and resuspend cells by adding, drop wise, 500 μl cold BD Cytoperm/Cytofix while vortexing.
7. Incubate the tubes for 40 min at 4 °C in the dark.
8. Vortex briefly.
9. Wash the cells twice with 1 ml cold BD Perm/Wash Buffer and spin at 800 x g for 7 min at 4 °C.
10. Aspirate supernatant except for 300 μl.
11. Stain cells intracellularly by adding 1 μg of each selected antibody per 1 x 10⁶ cells in a total volume of 100 μl.
12. Vortex briefly.
13. Incubate for 30 min in the dark at 4 °C.
14. Wash the cells twice with 1 ml cold BD Perm/Wash Buffer and spin at 800 x g for 7 min at 4 °C.
15. Aspirate supernatant and resuspend cells by adding 300 μl cold BD Perm/Wash Buffer.
16. Vortex briefly.
17. Transfer the suspension while filtering to FACS tubes.
18. Keep the tubes in a dark and cold environment until analysis.

Results

Examples of flow cytometry analysis on gingival cells are presented. Gingival cells pooled from 2 mice were run in an LSR II flow cytometer and analyzed using FlowJo software. Figure 3A demonstrated the distribution of gingival cells from naïve mice in a side scatter (SSC) versus forward scatter (FSC) plot. Gating strategy to identify (i) lymphocytes (ii) monocytes / dendritic cells and (iii) granulocytes is indicated. For comparison purpose, we also present a FACS plot illustrating gingival cells purifi...

Discussion

Maxilla gingival tissues obtained from a single mouse are sufficient for analyzing sub-populations of T and B lymphocytes, as well as their capability to express extracellular and intracellular molecules as we previously described ¹. Nevertheless, if rare cell populations are of interest (for example DCs), it is recommended to pool tissues from 2-3 mice. Of note, if preferable, it is possible to peel both the palatal and gingival tissues and then to excise the gingiva (a modification of step 1.8-1.9). It shoul...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Collagenase Type II	Worthington Biochemical Corp.	CLS-2
DNAse I	SIGMA	DN25-1G
EDTA	SIGMA	E6758-100G
Dulbecco's PBS	SIGMA	D8537
Fetal Bovine Serum	Biological Industries	04-121-1	Heat Inactivated
Vacuum-Driven Filter	Jet Biofil	FPE-204-500
5 ml Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube	BD Falcon	352052
Cell Strainer 70 μm	SPL Lifesciences	93070
Tissue Culture Dish 35×10 mm	NUNC	153066
BD Cytofix/Cytoperm	BD	554714
Anti-mouse CD11c antibody	Biolegend	117305	Clone N418
Anti-mouse CD45.2 antibody	Biolegend	109819	Clone 104
Anti-mouse CD4 antibody	Biolegend	100413	Clone GK1.5
Anti-mouse CD8a antibody	Biolegend	100733	Clone 53-6.7
Anti-mouse CD3 antibody	Biolegend	100214	Clone 17A2
Anti-mouse CD326 (Ep-CAM) antibody	Biolegend	118219	Clone G8.8
Anti-mouse CD207 (Langerin) antibody	Imgenex	DDX0362D	Clone 929F3.01
Anti-mouse I-Ad (MHC-II) antobody	Biolegend	115010	Clone 39-10-8
LSR II Flow Cytometer	BD Biosciences
FlowJo Software v 7.6.5	Tree Star