A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

Summary

C. elegans has emerged as a new genetic model to study host-pathogen interactions. Here we describe a protocol to infect C. elegans with Salmonella typhimurium coupled with the double-strand RNAi interference technique to examine the role of host genes in defense against Salmonella infection.

Abstract

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense against gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella establishes persistent infection in the intestine of C. elegans and results in early death of infected animals. A number of immunity mechanisms have been identified in C. elegans to defend against Salmonella infections. Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been shown to limit the Salmonella replication in C. elegans and in mammals. Here, a protocol is described to infect C. elegans with Salmonella typhimurium, in which the worms are exposed to Salmonella for a limited time, similar to Salmonella infection in humans. Salmonella infection significantly shortens the lifespan of C. elegans. Using the essential autophagy gene bec-1 as an example, we combined this infection method with C. elegans RNAi feeding approach and showed this protocol can be used to examine the function of C. elegans host genes in defense against Salmonella infection. Since C. elegans whole genome RNAi libraries are available, this protocol makes it possible to comprehensively screen for C. elegans genes that protect against Salmonella and other intestinal pathogens using genome-wide RNAi libraries.

Introduction

The free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple and genetically tractable model organism used to study many biological questions. C. elegans dominantly exists as self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Males are spontaneously generated by non-disjunction of the X chromosome during gametogenesis^1,2. In the presence of abundant food, C. elegans continuously develop through four larval stages to adult. Temperature also influences C. elegans development; faster development is observed at higher temperatures. In the laboratory, C. elegans is cultured at a standard temperature of 20 °C on agar plates with seeded bacterium Escherichia coli (strain OP50) as food^1,2.

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study host-pathogen interactions^3-5. In nature, C. elegans eats bacteria as its nutrient source^1,2. Its normal bacterial laboratory food, OP50, can be easily substituted with other pathogens to examine the interactions between C. elegans and any chosen pathogen. Under these conditions, the intestine is the primary site of the infection. Indeed, a wide range of bacterial pathogens has been shown to lethally infect C. elegans^3-5.

The gram-negative bacterium Salmonella is a gastrointestinal pathogen that causes human food-borne illness worldwide^6,7. C. elegans is a good model host for Salmonella typhimurium as this bacterium replicates and exhibits persistent intestinal infections^8-10. C. elegans has been used to identify both novel and previously known Salmonella virulence factors¹¹. Interestingly, the C. elegans immune system successfully limits Salmonella replication. It has been reported previously that inhibition of autophagy genes renders increased Salmonella replication in C. elegans, resulting in early death of infected worms¹⁰. Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a dynamic process involving the rearrangement of subcellular membranes to sequester cytoplasm and organelles for delivery to the lysosome for degradation¹². Autophagy has been reported to limit the Salmonella replication in C. elegans and in mammals^10,13.

The C. elegans genome was the first multicellular eukaryotic genome sequenced; it is responsive to RNAi treatment^14-16. Moreover, RNAi can be administrated effectively by subjecting worms to ingest bacteria containing the double-stranded RNA of the target gene, known as RNAi feeding^16,17. Whole genome RNAi feeding libraries have been generated for genome-wide RNAi screening^16,18. Herein, a Salmonella infection protocol is coupled with RNAi feeding to allow testing C. elegans genes of interest for their ability to protect against Salmonella infection.

Protocol

1. XLD (Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate) Agar Plates

XLD agar is a selective growth medium for Salmonella, which appears as black colonies on XLD agar plates. However, if there are no concerns of contamination, a regular LB plate can be substituted.

1. Weigh out 5.5 g XLD agar and resuspend in 5 ml deionized water.
2. Mix thoroughly until all agar is wet. Add 95 ml deionized water until all lumps are gone and the medium is completely resuspended.
3. Boil the medium to dissolve completely (do not autoclave).
4. Cool the medium at room temperature to 50 °C.
5. Pour 25 ml agar in each 95 x 15 mm (diameter x height) plate (plates sealed with Parafilm can be stored at 4 °C for up to 1 month).

2. Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) RNAi Feeding Plates

Preparation of C. elegans NGM plates has been described previously¹⁹. Here a procedure is briefly described to add the antibiotic ampicillin and the RNAi chemical inducer isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) into the NGM media to make the RNAi feeding plates.

1. Dissolve 3 g NaCl and 2.5 g Bacto peptone in 1 L deionized water.
2. Add 17 g Bacto agar into the media.
3. Autoclave the media for 45 min and cool the media to 50 °C in a water bath.
4. Add the following solutions: 1 ml cholesterol (5 mg/ml in 95% ethanol), 1 ml 1 M CaCl₂, 1 ml 1 M MgSO₄, and 25 ml 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0). Mix well.
5. Add 1 ml 1 M IPTG and 500 µl ampicillin (100 mg/ml in sterile water).
6. Mix the solution well and pour into 60 x 15 mm (diameter x height) petri plates using a Pipet Aid and 25 ml serological pipette following sterile procedures. Fill each plate with 12 ml agar. Plates can be stored at 4 °C for up to 1 month.

3. Prepare RNAi-treated Animals for Infection

The essential autophagy gene bec-1 is used as an example to examine the function of a host gene in defense against Salmonella infection. The experimental procedures are illustrated in Figure 1 and Table 1. The protocol for preparing RNAi-treated animals for infection follows, with the day of each experimental step given in parentheses.

1. Inoculate bec-1 RNAi feeding and control empty vector L4440 RNAi feeding bacteria by placing a flake of -80 °C frozen bacteria into 2 ml LB medium supplemented with 100 mg/ml ampicillin (Day 1). Repeat this step once a week during the entire experiment to have fresh RNAi bacteria. Store the culture in the 4 °C refrigerator when not used.
2. Seed 100 ml of overnight RNAi bacterial culture on RNAi plates. Prepare three bec-1 RNAi and three control empty vector RNAi plates. Incubate the plates at 37 °C overnight (Day 2).
3. Remove the RNAi plates from the 37 °C incubator and allow them to cool down to room temperature on the bench. Pick up well-fed L4 wild type N2 hermaphrodites and transfer them to bec-1 RNAi and control empty vector RNAi plates. Place three worms per plate, on triplicate plates. On the same day, prepare RNAi plates as described in step 3.2 (Day 3).
4. Incubate the RNAi plates with worms in the 20 °C incubator for 36-40 hr and transfer worms to fresh corresponding RNAi plates prepared in step 3.3. After worms are transferred, incubate the plates in the 20 °C incubator for 64 hr (Day 4).

4. Prepare Salmonella for Infection

1. Streak Salmonella -80 °C frozen stock on 1 XLD agar plate and incubate the plate at 37 °C overnight (Day 5).
2. Pick a well-isolated black Salmonella colony and inoculate it in 2 ml LB medium at 37 °C with shaking overnight (Day 6).
3. Seed 80 ml Salmonella overnight culture on 1 C. elegans 60 x 15 mm (diameter x height) NGM agar plate and prepare 6 plates in total. Incubate the plates at room temperature for 6 hr. The bacterial culture should dry and form a lawn on the plate (Day 7).

5. Infect RNAi-treated Worms with Salmonella

1. Transfer bec-1 RNAi-treated and control empty vector RNAi-treated L4 N2 hermaphrodites (progeny of worms set up in Step 3) to Salmonella plates. Place 40 worms per plate on 3 plates for each group. Incubate the worm plates at 20 °C for 48 hr (Day 7).
2. Prepare one set of fresh RNAi plates as described in steps 3.1 and 3.2 (Day 7 and Day 8).
3. After 48 hr infection, transfer Salmonella-infected worms to the corresponding RNAi plates prepared in step 5.2 and incubate at 20 °C (Day 9).

6. Survival Assay

1. Score the survival of worms daily and transfer worms to fresh corresponding RNAi plates during the egg-laying time. Prepare a set of fresh RNAi plates prior to each worm transfer as described in steps 3.1 and 3.2. Touch the worm body (head, middle part and tail) gently with an end-flattened platinum wire. A worm is scored as dead if no movement of the worm body is observed.
2. Score the survival of worms daily or every other day, and transfer worms to fresh corresponding RNAi plates twice a week after worms stop laying eggs.
3. After all worms die, pool the survival data from triplicate plates as one data set. Input the survival data of each group into appropriate statistical software such as GraphPad Prism to generate survival curves and to perform Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. The entire experiment is repeated at least once to confirm the conclusion.

Results

At 20 °C, the median lifespan of wild type N2 worms is 17 days (Figure 2A and Table 2). Salmonella infection significantly decreases the median lifespan of N2 worms to 10.5 days (p = 0.0002, log-rank test) (Figure 2A).

If a C. elegans gene plays an important role in defense against Salmonella infection, it is predicted that its inhibition will impart susceptibility to Salmonella infection. In fact, compared ...

Discussion

C. elegans is a simple genetic model organism that eats bacteria as its nutrient source. Thus, it is easy to substitute its normal bacterial food with an intestinal pathogen to investigate the interactions between C. elegans and the chosen pathogen. Herein a protocol is described to combine Salmonella infection and C. elegans RNAi feeding treatment to examine the role of host genes in defense against Salmonella infection. Previous infection protocols expose C. elegans...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
LB Broth	Fisher	BP9723-500
XLD agar	EMD Chemicals	1.05287.0500
Bacto Agar	Fisher	DF0140-01-0
Peptone	Fisher	BP1420-500
Sodium Chloride	Fisher	S671-500
Calcium Chloride	Fisher	C69-500
Magnesium Sulfate	Fisher	M65-500
IPTG	Gold Biotechnology	12481C50
Cholesterol	Sigma	C8667-25G
Ampicillin	Fisher	BP1760-25
Salmonella typhimurium	ATCC	ATCC14028
Petri Dish 95 x 15 mm	Fisher	FB0875714G
Petri Dish 60 x 15 mm	Fisher	08-757-13A
Falcon Serological pipet	Fisher	13-668-2
Falcon Express Pipet-Aid	Fisher	13-675-42
MaxQ6000 shaking incubator	Thermo Scientific	SHKE6000-7
Incubator	Percival	I-36DL