Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics

Summary

The protocol for fabrication and operation of field dewetting devices (Field-DW) is described, as well as the preliminary studies of the effects of electric fields on droplet contents.

Abstract

Digital microfluidics (DMF), a technique for manipulation of droplets, is a promising alternative for the development of “lab-on-a-chip” platforms. Often, droplet motion relies on the wetting of a surface, directly associated with the application of an electric field; surface interactions, however, make motion dependent on droplet contents, limiting the breadth of applications of the technique.

Some alternatives have been presented to minimize this dependence. However, they rely on the addition of extra chemical species to the droplet or its surroundings, which could potentially interact with droplet moieties. Addressing this challenge, our group recently developed Field-DW devices to allow the transport of cells and proteins in DMF, without extra additives.

Here, the protocol for device fabrication and operation is provided, including the electronic interface for motion control. We also continue the studies with the devices, showing that multicellular, relatively large, model organisms can also be transported, arguably unaffected by the electric fields required for device operation.

Introduction

The miniaturization of devices that work with liquids is of paramount importance for the development of “lab-on-a-chip” platforms. In this direction, the last two decades have witnessed a significant progress in the field of microfluidics, with a variety of applications.^1-5 Contrasting with the transport of fluid in enclosed channels (channel microfluidics), DMF manipulates droplets on arrays of electrodes. One of the most attractive merits of this technique is the absence of movable parts to transport fluids, and motion is instantly stopped by turning off electric signals.

However, droplet motion is dependent on drop....

Protocol

NOTE: In the procedures described below, laboratory safety guidelines must always be followed. Of particular importance is the safety when dealing with high voltage (> 500 V) and handling chemicals.

1. Coating of a Conductive Substrate with Candle Soot

1. Cut copper metal into rectangles (75 x 43 mm, 0.5 mm thick). Clean each copper substrate by immersion in copper etchant for about 30 sec, wash with tap water for about 20 sec, and dry with paper.
   NOTE: If using Method 1 below, change the dimensions to 75 x 25 mm to fit into the machine.
2. Sweep a lit paraffin candle under the copper substrate for 30–45 sec....

Results

Previously, we have used Field-DW devices to allow the motion of proteins in DMF. In particular, droplets with bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be moved at a concentration 2,000 times higher than previously reported by other authors (without additives). This was due to the reduced interaction between droplet and surface; Figure 4 shows a droplet containing fluorescently-tagged BSA (see Freire et al.⁹ for more information on the experiments). The first picture on the left shows the dro.......

Discussion

The most critical step of the protocol is the protection of the soot layer, directly associated with the success in moving droplets. Metallizing the soot layer (method 1 above) allows close to 100% of fabrication success. However, the maximum operation time is about 10 min; possibly, droplet fractions are wetting the soot through holes in the metal layer. Coating the soot layer with the fluorinated liquid is the easiest and fastest alternative, and requires minimum resources, but only 40–50% of the fabricated subst.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Paraffin candle			Any paraffin candle
Sputtering system	Denton Vacuum, Moorestown, NJ		Sputter coater Desk V HP equipped with an Au target.
1-dodecanethiol	Sigma-Aldrich	471364
Teflon	Dupont	AF-1600
Fluorinert FC-40	Sigma-Aldrich	F9755	Fluorinated liquid: Prepare Teflon-AF resin in Fluorinert FC-40, 1:100 (w/w), to create the hydrophobic coating.
Graphic design software -Adobe Illustrator	Adobe Systems		Other softwares might be used as well.
Copper laminate	Dupont	LF9110
Laser Printer	Xerox	Phaser 6360 or similar	Check for the compatibility with "rich black" or "registration black" (see text).
Copper Etchant	Transene	CE-100
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) film	McMaster-Carr	84955K22
Breadboard	Allied Electronics	70012450 or similar	Large enough to allow the assemble of 10 drivers.
Universal circuit board	Allied Electronics	70219535 or similar
Connector	Allied Electronics	5145154-8 or similar
Control board and control program (LabView software)	National Instruments	NI-6229 or similar
High-voltage amplifier	Trek	PZD700
Capacitors C and C1, 100 nF, 60 V	Allied	8817183
Transistor T, NPN	Allied	9350289
Diode D, 1N4007	Allied	2660007
Relay	Allied	8862527
Visualization system	Edmund Optics	VZM 200i or similar	System magnification 24X – 96X. It is combined with a Hitachi KP-D20B 1/2 in CCD Color Camera.
Recorder	Sony	GV-D1000 NTSC or similar	It is connected to the camera by an S-video cable.
Simulations	COMSOL Multiphysics	V. 4.4