Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Summary

Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound imaging is a reliable in-vivo tool for quantifying spinal cord blood flow in an experimental rat spinal cord injury model. This paper contains a comprehensive protocol for application of this technique in association with a contusion model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

Abstract

Reduced spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) (i.e., ischemia) plays a key role in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) pathophysiology and is accordingly an important target for neuroprotective therapies. Although several techniques have been described to assess SCBF, they all have significant limitations. To overcome the latter, we propose the use of real-time contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging (CEU). Here we describe the application of this technique in a rat contusion model of SCI. A jugular catheter is first implanted for the repeated injection of contrast agent, a sodium chloride solution of sulphur hexafluoride encapsulated microbubbles. The spine is then stabilized with a custom-made 3D-frame and the spinal cord dura mater is exposed by a laminectomy at ThIX-ThXII. The ultrasound probe is then positioned at the posterior aspect of the dura mater (coated with ultrasound gel). To assess baseline SCBF, a single intravenous injection (400 µl) of contrast agent is applied to record its passage through the intact spinal cord microvasculature. A weight-drop device is subsequently used to generate a reproducible experimental contusion model of SCI. Contrast agent is re-injected 15 min following the injury to assess post-SCI SCBF changes. CEU allows for real time and in-vivo assessment of SCBF changes following SCI. In the uninjured animal, ultrasound imaging showed uneven blood flow along the intact spinal cord. Furthermore, 15 min post-SCI, there was critical ischemia at the level of the epicenter while SCBF remained preserved in the more remote intact areas. In the regions adjacent to the epicenter (both rostral and caudal), SCBF was significantly reduced. This corresponds to the previously described “ischemic penumbra zone”. This tool is of major interest for assessing the effects of therapies aimed at limiting ischemia and the resulting tissue necrosis subsequent to SCI.

Introduction

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition leading to significant impairment in motor, sensory and autonomous functions. To date, no therapy has demonstrated its efficiency in patients. For such reason, it is important to identify new techniques that will improve the assessment of potential treatments and can further elucidate injury pathiophysiology¹.

SCI is divided into two sequential phases, referred to as primary and secondary injuries. The primary injury corresponds to the initial mechanical insult. Whereas the secondary injury groups a cascade of various biological events (such as inflammation, oxidative ....

Protocol

NOTE: The methods described in this manuscript were approved by the bioethics committee of the Lariboisière School of Medicine, Paris, France (CEEALV/2011–08-01).

1. Instrument Preparation

1. Prepare and clean the following instruments for catheter insertion: micro-forceps, micro-scissors, micro-vascular clamp, large scissors, surgical thread (Black braided silk 4-0) and a 14 G catheter. Heparinize the catheter with a heparin solution (5,000 U/ml).
2. Prepare and clean the following instruments for the laminectomy: large scissors, scalpel and a bone cutter. Perform laminectomy with a custom-made bone cutter design....

Results

With the protocol described above, it is possible to map the SCBF along a longitudinal spinal cord sagittal segment.

In the intact spinal cord, there appears to be SCBF irregularities within the parenchyma (Figure 12). This can be explained by the variable distribution of radiculo-medullary arteries (RMA) from one animal to another. RMA refers to segmental arteries that reach the anterior spinal artery (ASA) and therefore provide blood supply to the spinal cord parenchyma. In .......

Discussion

Although we have described how to use CEU in a rat SCI contusion model, this protocol can be modified to fit other experimental objectives or SCI models. We have chosen to measure SCBF at only two time points (before injury and 15 min post-SCI), however the number of time points and the delay between SCBF measurements can be adapted to fulfill the needs of other studies. For example, in our previous work ¹⁷, we have measured SCBF at five successive time points throughout the first hour post-SCI. It is importan.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
External Fixator Hoffman 3	Stryker, Kalamazoo, USA		Modular system used to build the custom made 3D frame and the jointed arm holding the ultrasound probe
Toshiba Applio	Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan		Ultrasound machine
Sonovue	Bracco, Milan, Italy		Contrast agent : microbubbles
Vueject pump	Bracco, Milan, Italy		Electric pump for infusion of microbubbles bolus
Aquasonic Ultrasound Gel	Parker Laboratories, Fairfield, NJ, USA		Ultrasound gel used to transmit the ultrasound waves
Isovet	Piramal Healthcare, Mumbai, India		Isoflurane used for anesthesia
Ultra Extend	Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan		Software used for quantification of spinal cord blood flow
Mastercraft Five-piece Mini-pliers Set, Product #58-4788-6	Canadian Tire, Toronto, Canada		Set of pliers for Do-it-yourself job