Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks

Summary

Formulation of stable, functional inks is critical to expanding the applications of additive manufacturing. In turn, knowledge of the mechanisms of dispersant/particle bonding is required for effective ink formulation. Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is presented as a simple, inexpensive way to gain insight into these mechanisms.

Abstract

In additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, material is deposited drop by drop, to create micron to macroscale layers. A typical inkjet ink is a colloidal dispersion containing approximately ten components including solvent, the nano to micron scale particles which will comprise the printed layer, polymeric dispersants to stabilize the particles, and polymers to tune layer strength, surface tension and viscosity. To rationally and efficiently formulate such an ink, it is crucial to know how the components interact. Specifically, which polymers bond to the particle surfaces and how are they attached? Answering this question requires an experimental procedure that discriminates between polymer adsorbed on the particles and free polymer. Further, the method must provide details about how the functional groups of the polymer interact with the particle. In this protocol, we show how to employ centrifugation to separate particles with adsorbed polymer from the rest of the ink, prepare the separated samples for spectroscopic measurement, and use Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) for accurate determination of dispersant/particle bonding mechanisms. A significant advantage of this methodology is that it provides high level mechanistic detail using only simple, commonly available laboratory equipment. This makes crucial data available to almost any formulation laboratory. The method is most useful for inks composed of metal, ceramic, and metal oxide particles in the range of 100 nm or greater. Because of the density and particle size of these inks, they are readily separable with centrifugation. Further, the spectroscopic signatures of such particles are easy to distinguish from absorbed polymer. The primary limitation of this technique is that the spectroscopy is performed ex-situ on the separated and dried particles as opposed to the particles in dispersion. However, results from attenuated total reflectance spectra of the wet separated particles provide evidence for the validity of the DRIFTS measurement.

Introduction

Additive manufacturing has recently emerged as a promising technique for fabrication of everything from ceramics to semiconductors to medical devices¹. As the applications of additive manufacturing expand to printed ceramic, metal oxide, and metal parts, the need to formulate specialized functional inks arises. The question of how to formulate the required functional inks relates to a fundamental issue in surface and colloid science: what are the mechanisms by which particles in colloidal dispersion are stabilized against aggregation? Broadly, stabilization requires modification of the particle surfaces such that close approach of particles (and hence aggre....

Protocol

1. Pre-analysis Sample Preparation

1. Separation of functional particles from ink vehicle: centrifugation
   1. Based on the initial ink formulation, calculate how much ink sample is needed to obtain a minimum of 2.0 g of particle sediment. For example, if the ink is 10 vol% ceramic and the density of the ceramic is 6.67 g/cm³, then a minimum of 3.0 ml of ink is needed to generate 2.0 g of sediment.
   2. Pipet at least the minimum required ink quantity into a centrifuge tube. Choice of centrifuge tube should be made based on quantity of ink required and on inertness of tube material to ink solvents.
   3. Place tube in centrifuge. ....

Results

The experimental procedure described in this protocol has been applied to gain insight into the mechanism of NiO particle stabilization in an ink used to print the anode of solid oxide fuel cells. This ink is a dispersion of NiO particles in 2-butanol, alpha terpineol, and a range of dispersants and binders²². Representative results are shown here for a simplified dispersion of NiO in 2-butanol with an oleic acid dispersant. In Figure 1A, we show raw diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy d.......

Discussion

The two critical factors for generating high quality infrared spectra using this procedure are: 1) minimizing the absolute quantity of water contamination and the differences in the quantity of water contamination between the sample and reference cups; and 2) creating sample and reference cups with uniform flat layers and similar KBr grain sizes. Both of these factors are achieved by paying particular attention to the sample preparation procedures outlined in section 2.3.

In order minimize the.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
FTIR bench	Shimadzu Scientific Instruments	IR_Prestige 21 used in this work; in 2013 IR-Tracer 100 model replaced Prestige-21	Any research grade FTIR with purgable sample compartment is acceptable
Purge gas generator for sample compartment	Parker Balston	74-5041NA Lab Gas Generator	Provides air with less than 1 ppm CO2 and water; also possible to purge compartment with N2 tank
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Accessory	Pike Technologies	042-10XX	Includes sample preparation kit and mortar and pestle (these can also be purchased separately, described below)
Diffuse Reflectance Sample Preparation kit	Pike Technologies	042-3040	Includes sample holder cups, spatulas, alignment mirror, mirror brush, razor blades
Agate mortar and pestle	Pike Technologies	161-5035
Centrifuge	ThermoScientific	Sorvall ST16	Most benchtop centrifuges capable of ~5,000 rpm will be acceptable
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Consumables
Centrifuge tubes	Evergreen Scientific	222-2470-G8K	Any centrifuge tube of compatible size and material is acceptable
KBr powder packets	ThermoScientific	50-465-317	Also possible to use alternative KBr supplier