Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass

Summary

A protocol for the production of synthetic nuclear melt glass, similar to trinitite, is presented.

Abstract

Realistic surrogate nuclear debris is needed within the nuclear forensics community to test and validate post-detonation analysis techniques. Here we outline a novel process for producing bulk surface debris using a high temperature furnace. The material developed in this study is physically and chemically similar to trinitite (the melt glass produced by the first nuclear test). This synthetic nuclear melt glass is assumed to be similar to the vitrified material produced near the epicenter (ground zero) of any surface nuclear detonation in a desert environment. The process outlined here can be applied to produce other types of nuclear melt glass including that likely to be formed in an urban environment. This can be accomplished by simply modifying the precursor matrix to which this production process is applied. The melt glass produced in this study has been analyzed and compared to trinitite, revealing a comparable crystalline morphology, physical structure, void fraction, and chemical composition.

Introduction

Concerns over the potential malicious use of nuclear weapons by terrorists or rogue nations have highlighted the importance of nuclear forensics analysis for the purpose of attribution.¹ Rapid post-detonation analysis techniques are desirable to shorten the attribution timeline as much as possible. The development and validation of such techniques requires realistic nuclear debris samples for testing. Nuclear testing no longer occurs in the United States and nuclear surface debris from the testing era is not readily available (with the exception of trinitite - the melt glass produced by the first nuclear test at the trinity site) and therefore realistic sur....

Protocol

Caution: The process outlined here includes the use of radioactive material (e.g., Uranium Nitrate Hexahydrate) and several corrosive substances. Appropriate protective clothing and equipment should be used (including a lab coat, gloves, eye protection, and a fume hood) during sample preparation. In addition, laboratory areas used for this work should be monitored regularly for radioactive contamination.

Note: The chemical compounds needed are listed in Table 1. This formulation was developed by examining previously reported compositional data for trinitite.¹⁰ The mass fractions reported here were determined by averaging the mass fractions for s....

Results

The non-radioactive samples produced in this study have been compared to trinitite and Figures 1-3 show that the physical properties and morphology are indeed similar. Figure 1 provides photographs that reveal the similarities in color and texture which are observed at the macroscopic level. Figure 2 shows Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Secondary Electron (SE) images which reveal similar features at the micron level. SEM analysis was performed using a SEM and SEM sof.......

Discussion

Note regarding steps 1.2.2 and 1.2.3: The exact amount of UNH will vary depending on the scenario being simulated. The planning formulas developed by Giminaro et al. can be used to choose the appropriate mass of uranium for a given sample¹³ as discussed in the "Sample Activation" section of this paper. Also, Uranium Oxide (UO₂ or U₃O₈) may be used in place of UNH, if available, and the mass fraction of ²³⁵U in the compound (whether UNH or Uranium Oxi.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
High Temperature Furnace (HTF)	Carbolite	HTF 18	1,800 °C HTF used to melt samples
High Temperature Drop Furnace	CM Inc.	1706 BL	1,700 °C Drop Furnace used to melt samples
Graphite Crucibles	SCP Science	040-060-041	27 ml high purity graphite crucibles (10 pack)
Crucible Tongs	Grainger	5ZPV0	26 in., stainless steele tongs for handling crucibles
Heat Resistent Gloves	Grainger	8814-09	Gloves used to protect hands from heat during sample intro/removal
Mortar & Pestle	Fisherbrand	S337631	300 ml, Ceramic mortar and pestle for powdering and mixing
Micro Balance	Grainger	8NJG2	220 g Cap, high precision scale for measuring powder mass
Spatulas	Fisherbrand	14374	Metal spatulas for measure small quantities of powder
SiO2	Sigma-Aldrich	274739-5KG	Quartz Sand  CAS Number: 14808-60-7
Al2O3	Sigma-Aldrich	11028-1KG	Aluminum Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1344-28-1
CaO	Sigma-Aldrich	12047-2.5KG	Calcium Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1305-78-8
FeO	Sigma-Aldrich	400866-25G	Iron Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1345-25-1
MgO	Sigma-Aldrich	342793-250G	Magnesium Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1309-48-4
Na2O	Sigma-Aldrich	36712-25G	Sodium Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1313-59-3
KOH	Sigma-Aldrich	278904-250G	Potasium Hydroxide Pellets  CAS Number: 12030-88-5
MnO	Sigma-Aldrich	377201-500G	Manganese Oxide Powder  CAS Number: 1344-43-0
TiO2	Sigma-Aldrich	791326-5G	Titanium Oxide Beads  CAS Number: 12188-41-9