A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Summary

This article describes the methods for screening the genes controlling plasmodesmal permeability and hence auxin gradient during tropic response. This includes the measurement of the degree of tropic response in hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana and checking plasmodesmal permeability by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) loading and finally callose level assessment.

Abstract

The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in many growth and developmental processes, including tropic responses to light and gravity. The establishment of an auxin gradient is a key event leading to phototropism and gravitropism. Previously, polar auxin transport (PAT) was shown to establish an auxin gradient in different cellular domains of plants. However, Han et al. recently demonstrated that for proper auxin gradient formation, plasmodesmal callose-mediated symplasmic connectivity between the adjacent cells is also a critical factor. In this manuscript, the strategy to elucidate the role of particular genes, which can affect phototropism and gravitropism by altering the symplasmic connectivity through modulating plasmodesmal callose synthesis, is discussed. The first step is to screen aberrant tropic responses from 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of mutants or over-expression lines of a gene along with the wild type. This preliminary screening can lead to the identification of a range of genes functioning in PAT or controlling symplasmic connectivity. The second screening involves the sorting of candidates that show altered tropic responses by affecting symplasmic connectivity. To address such candidates, the movement of a symplasmic tracer and the deposition of plasmodesmal callose were examined. This strategy would be useful to explore new candidate genes that can regulate symplasmic connectivity directly or indirectly during tropic responses and other developmental processes.

Introduction

Plants, as sessile living organisms, have developed a highly sophisticated network of cell-to-cell signaling to address various environmental stimuli. Tropic responses are one of the phenomena by which plants respond to environmental stimuli. Plants show two main tropic responses, phototropism and gravitropism. Photosynthetic plants bend toward the light source by phototropism to harvest maximum energy. Similarly, gravitropism makes the plants to grow toward the gravity center. The fundamental mechanism leading to such tropic responses involves asymmetric gradient formation of the phytohormone auxin¹. The act of local auxin gradient formation is well characterized; the genes that are involved in this mechanism provide a roadmap for hormone action^2-8. The specific position of auxin efflux carriers, such as PIN-FORMED (PIN) and P-glycoproteins, executes the movement of auxin from the cytoplasm to the cell wall of donor cells^9,10. Furthermore, by the active H⁺/IAA symport activity of auxin influx carriers, such as AUX1/LAX family proteins, auxin is finally delivered to the adjacent receiver cells^2,11,12. This directional movement of auxin is known as polar auxin transport (PAT). PAT leads to a differential auxin distribution during various developmental stages and in response to different environmental stimuli^13,14. Moreover, the disruption in localization or expression of any of these auxin influx or efflux carriers leads to severe alteration in PAT, which causes a disruption of the auxin gradient, leading to developmental defects. Recently, Han et al. reported that plasmodesmal regulation is also necessary to maintain the auxin gradient¹⁵. To date, more than 30 plasmodesmal proteins have been identified¹⁶. Among these proteins, AtGSL8 has been reported as a key enzyme for callose synthesis at plasmodesmata (PD) and hence plays a vital role in maintaining the PD size exclusion limit (SEL). Repressed AtGSL8 expression resulted in a distorted auxin gradient pattern leading to no tropic response in contrast to wild type seedlings¹⁵.

In this manuscript, methods to explore new candidate genes that are involved in PD regulation are provided. AtGSL8 was used as a model protein to test these methods, as it is a key enzyme contributing to PD callose biosynthesis. Due to the seedling-lethality of gsl8 knock-out mutants¹⁷, dexamethasone (dex)-inducible RNAi lines were used in accordance with a previously published report¹⁵. The strategy provided here can be adapted to screen genes that are implicated in hypocotyl tropic response controlled by PD SEL.

Protocol

1. Screening of Mutants with Altered Phototropic and Gravitropic Responses

1. Prepare 1x Murashige and Skoog (MS) Medium, pH 5.7, with 0.8% Agar One Day Before the Experiment.
   1. Add 800 ml of double distilled water to a 2 L conical flask and stir with a magnetic bar.
   2. Add 4.4 g of MS salt to the conical flask.
   3. Add 0.5 g of 2-(N-Morpholino) ethane sulphonic acid (MES) and stir until all of the salts are completely dissolved.
   4. Adjust the pH of the medium to 5.7 with 1 M KOH.
   5. Transfer the medium to a mass cylinder and bring final volume to 1 L with ddH₂O.
   6. Pour back the medium into a 2 L conical flask and add 8 g of plant agar.
   7. Wrap the mouth of the conical flask tightly with aluminum foil.
   8. Autoclave the MS medium and ddH₂O for 15 min at 121 °C, 15 psi, and after autoclaving, keep the medium in a 60 °C incubator and the ddH₂O at RT.
   9. After cooling to 60 °C, pour the medium into 125 x 125 x 20 mm³ square plates on a laminar flow bench (50 ml in each plate).
   10. Allow the agar to solidify at RT for about 1 hr by keeping the plates partially open. If the plates are not used immediately, seal them by using plastic wrap and store at 4 °C in a refrigerator.
2. Surface-sterilize the seeds with 1.1% sodium hypochlorite and dot the seeds on 1x MS agar plates that were prepared in section 1.1.
   Note: Here, Arabidopsis thaliana {Col-0 seeds, dsGSL8 (Col-0)}¹⁵ are used for tropic response, callose staining and HPTS loading. Arabidopsis thaliana {Col-0 and dsGSL8 (Col-0) EMS mutant} seeds (unpublished) are used for tropic response in Figure 2.
   1. Autoclave 300 ml of ddH₂O in a bottle.
   2. Add approximately one hundred seeds for each background, i.e., mutant/over-expression line and wild type (Col-0) seeds, to a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   3. Take out 1x MS agar plates from a 4 °C refrigerator and dry them on a laminar flow bench in a partially open position.
   4. Surface-sterilize the seeds by adding 1 ml of a 0.2x bleach solution (1.1% sodium hypochlorite) and keep the microcentrifuge tubes on shaker at 250 rpm for 5 min.
   5. Let the seeds settle to the bottom by gravity and then remove the bleach solution by micropipette.
   6. Add 1 ml of fresh ddH₂O (autoclaved) to the seeds and mix well by inverting the microcentrifuge tube several times. Let the seeds settle again and then remove the water.
   7. Repeat step 1.2.6 5-6 times.
   8. Add double the amount of water to the volume of the seeds that were left after the final washing.
   9. Dot the sterilized seeds on a semi-dried 1x MS agar plate using a 1 ml micropipette tip containing 200 µl of seeds (including water).
      1. Keep approximately a 0.1 cm distance between two seeds and a minimum of 1.8 cm between two seed rows. Dot the seeds in five horizontal rows per square plate (125 x 125 x 20 mm³). Allow the water to dry slightly before placing the lid onto the plate.
   10. Seal the plates with surgical tape, stack all of the plates vertically, and wrap with aluminum foil.
   11. Transfer the wrapped plates to a dark box (with no access to light). Then, keep the dark box in a 4 °C room/refrigerator for 3 days.
   12. Starting from this step, keep the direction of plates unchanged. After 3 days of cold treatment, keep the dark box in a plant culture room at 22 °C for the next 3 days. After 3 days, check the germination status of the seeds under green light in a dark room.
       NOTE: Usually 3 day-old Col-0 etiolated seedlings can grow up to 1.6 cm in length.
3. Analyze the altered phototropic and gravitropic response in mutants or over-expression lines of a specific gene. Select only similarly sized and vertically grown straight seedlings under green light in a dark room. Transfer selected seedlings to a fresh 1x MS agar plate using the tip of a sterilized toothpick.
   1. Gently select the seedlings from the lowest part of their hypocotyl without touching any other parts. Make sure that all of the seedlings have same cotyledon/hook orientation, and after transferring, that the orientation of seedling hooks remain the same. Use a minimum of 20 seedlings of each background in each row and a minimum of two plates for each time point for further analysis.
      Note: Four different backgrounds can be compared in each plate (4 rows).
      Optional: While using dexamethasone (dex)-inducible RNAi/over-expression lines, transfer the above seedlings to a 1x MS plate along with the +dex MS plate (plate containing 1x MS, 0.8% agar medium supplemented with 20 µM dex) for 3 hr and keep the plates vertically in dark box.
   2. To check phototropic response, transfer the above plates vertically to a black box with only one side opened. Transfer the black box containing plates to a plant growth chamber with unilateral white light. To ensure unilateral light, place the edge of the plate toward the light source (not the front side). Refer to the setup in Figure 1.
   3. Similarly, to check the gravitropic response, keep the plates with transferred seedlings vertical, and cover with aluminum foil. Next, change the plate orientation vertically to 90° and keep it inside the black box covered from all sides. Refer to the setup in Figure 1.
   4. After the given time points, (usually 1.5 hr, 3 hr, 6 hr, and 12 hr) scan the plates with a scanner, and save the pictures in JPEG format.
   5. Measure the bending angle of seedlings using ImageJ software (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/index.html) (Figure 2).
      1. Start the ImageJ program by double clicking (Figure 2A).
         Note: The major tools that were used in the angle measurement are shown in Figure 2B.
      2. Click the "file" option followed by sub-option "open" in the ImageJ toolbar, and open pictures saved in JPEG file format to measure the tropic bending angle (Figure 2C).
      3. Click the magnifying tool to zoom in or out on the picture by clicking the left or right mouse button, respectively as shown in Figure 2B.
      4. Click the scrolling tool to drag and position the picture (Figure 2D).Next, click the angle tool to measure the angle of bending (Figure 2E).
         1. Make a double left click on the original hypocotyl growing direction point 'a', drag the mouse to the bending initiation point 'b' (Figure 2F), and click left button to draw the first line (Figure 2G).
         2. Drag the mouse from point b to the bending end point 'c', and click the left button to draw the second line (Figure 2H) and form a fixed A. Note: The true bending angle is B, which is equal to 180°-A. (Figure 2F).
         3. Measure and record A by pressing 'M' on the keyboard. The result file will open separately as shown in Figure 2I. Measure and record all of the seedlings one by one. For example, first measure the bending angle for all of the hypocotyls from Col-0 and then for mutant lines.
   6. Transfer the dataset from ImageJ to spreadsheet file to make the average of bending angles of each background.
   7. For quantitative analysis, make a bar graph diagram with statistical test results, including standard error bars and probability values (See Figure 2).
      1. Calculate the true bending B, and design a formula using spreadsheet, i.e., B = 180°-A. Note: A is the value that was derived from ImageJ analysis.
      2. Measure the average bending angle B for each background using spreadsheet tools (Figure 2J).
      3. Analyze the standard deviation between replicates for each measurement using the spreadsheet "formulas" tool (Figure 2J).
      4. Test the significance of the results by applying a t-test to the average bending angle and standard deviation values calculated as mentioned above.
      5. Draw a bar diagram using the above values to graphically represent the quantitative difference in the bending angle between two different backgrounds using the spreadsheet "insert" tool (Figure 2K).
         Note: Mutant/over-expression lines of strong candidate genes would show clear differences with respect to wild type, such as no bending, fast bending or slow bending.

2. Screen Plant Lines with Defective Tropic Responses Due to Changes in PD SEL with an Altered PD Callose Level

1. Perform a Hypocotyl Loading Assay by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) Dye Loading on the Top of Seedlings with HPTS Agarose Blocks and Compare the Movement of Dye Between Mutant/Over-expression Lines and Col-0.
   1. Prepare HPTS agarose blocks for the hypocotyl loading assay.
      1. Take 10 ml of ddH₂O in a 50 ml conical flask and add 0.1 g of agarose to prepare a 1% agarose gel. Boil the agarose in a microwave oven for 1-2 min with intermittent shaking, and allow it to cool for 5 min.
      2. Add 50 mg of HPTS to 10 ml of 1% agarose solution, and mix well until the solution turns green.
      3. Pour the above mixture to a 10 mm Petri dish, and allow it to solidify for 15 min.
      4. Cut the solidified HPTS agarose with a sharp dissection blade to make small agarose blocks (0.5 x 2 cm²).
   2. Prepare plant samples for the HPTS dye-loading assay.
      1. Set a platform for the HPTS dye loading assay; place a microscope cover slide (24 x 50 mm²) on a new MS medium plate as shown in Figure 3A.
      2. Excise 3 day-old etiolated seedlings from the base of the hook using a sharp surgical scissor.
      3. Immediately transfer the above seedlings (a minimum of 5 seedlings from each background) to the surface of a microscopic cover glass in such a way that only 0.5 cm of hypocotyl from the excision position should remain on cover slide, and the rest of the hypocotyl should touch the medium as shown in Figure 3B.
      4. Place the HPTS agarose block on top of the hypocotyl (with an excised hook) for 5 min in such a way that the excised area touches the HPTS agarose block.
      5. After 5 min of loading, remove the agarose block from the hypocotyl surface, transfer the hypocotyls to the 10 mm Petri dish containing ddH₂O and wash hypocotyls in ddH₂O for 15 min with continuous shaking.
   3. Prepare Samples for Confocal Microscopy.
      1. Select a minimum of 5 seedlings from each background for observation under the confocal laser scanning microscope.
      2. In the laser channel, set the wavelength to 488 nm for specific excitation and 500 to 550 nm for band-pass emission.
      3. Transfer seedlings in 2 sets (one Col-0 + one mutant) to a new microscopic slide after washing with ddH₂O. Add 100-150 µl of double-distilled water to the slide, and cover with a cover slide. Shift the slide to the stage of the confocal microscope.
      4. Focus the hypocotyl region (with a 20X or 40X objective lens) using bright-field (white light) illumination. Then, scan the slides for fluorescence.
      5. Take images for a minimum of 10 sets, and compare the two backgrounds by checking the extent of dye movement from the point of loading.
         Note: Mutant/over-expression lines with altered symplasmic movement will show different patterns of dye loading compared to wild type Col-0.
2. Analyze the Callose Level in Mutant/Over-expression Lines Showing Altered Phototropic and Gravitropic Response and Showing Distinct HPTS Dye Movement Compared to Col-0.
   1. Prepare aniline blue callose staining dye.
      1. Make 1 M glycine, pH 9.5 and 0.1% (W/V) aniline blue in autoclaved ddH₂O.
      2. Make the staining buffer by mixing 0.1% aniline blue and 1 M glycine in 2:3 volume ratios. For example, for 50 ml of staining buffer, take 20 ml of 0.1% aniline blue and 30 ml of 1 M glycine. Note: Make the staining buffer a minimum of 48 hr prior to use and store it in the dark.
   2. Stain bended or non-bended seedlings with callose-specific aniline blue dye.
      1. To inhibit the de novo callose synthesis during the staining process, add the final volume of 1.5 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DDG) to 50 ml of staining buffer.
      2. Take 3-day-old etiolated seedlings for callose staining (with or without tropic response).
      3. Cut the seedlings from their hook region using thin surgical scissors.
      4. Transfer the seedlings in a small Petri dish containing 2 ml of staining buffer using the tip of a toothpick.
      5. Incubate the seedlings with staining buffer in the dark for 2 hr with continuous shaking at 30 rpm.
      6. After staining, wash the seedlings with ddH₂O for 2 min to remove excess staining buffer.
      7. Select a minimum of 5 seedlings for each plant background for observation under the confocal laser scanning microscope.
   3. Prepare samples for confocal microscopy:
      1. Transfer the seedlings in set (one Col-0 + one mutant) to clean the microscope slides after washing with ddH₂O.
      2. Add 100-150 µl of ddH₂O and cover with a cover slide. Shift the slide to the stage of the confocal microscope.
      3. In a laser channel, set the wavelength to 405 nm for specific excitation and 500 to 550 nm emission for the imaging of aniline blue fluorescence.
      4. Bring the hypocotyl region into focus, first with 10X and later with 20X or 40X objective lenses using bright-field (white light) illumination.
      5. Then, switch on filtered light, scan the slides for fluorescence, and save the images.
      6. Measure the callose signal intensity with ImageJ software (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/index.html) (See Figure 4).
         1. Change the format of confocal microscopy pictures from Olympus Image Binary format (*.oib) to JPEG file format. Note: Only JPEG format is supported by ImageJ software.
         2. Start the ImageJ program by double clicking (Figure 4A). Note: Arrows indicate the rectangle tool to be used in the callose intensity measurement (Figure 4B).
         3. Click the "file" option followed by the sub-option "open" in the ImageJ toolbar, and open microscopy pictures that were saved in JPEG file format to measure the callose intensity (Figure 4C).
         4. Click the rectangular icon on the ImageJ toolbar (Figure 4D).
         5. To analyze the signal intensity, drag the cursor over the picture and select the area to be examined (Figure 4E)
         6. Measure and record the numerical values for signal intensity by pressing 'M' on the keyboard (Figure 4E). Note: The result file will open separately (Figure 4F).
         7. Measure and record the intensity values one by one for all of the seedlings from each plant background.
            Note: In ImageJ, the result file "Mean" indicates the signal intensity of the selected "Area".
      7. Copy the mean values from the ImageJ result file, and paste in spreadsheet file for quantitative analysis.
      8. For quantitative analysis, make a bar graph diagram with statistical tests, including standard error bars and probability values (Figure 4).
         1. Measure the average signal intensity (mean from ImageJ) for each background using the spreadsheet "formulas" tool (Figure 4G).
         2. Analyze the standard deviation between replicates for each measurement using the spreadsheet "formulas" tool (Figure 4G).
         3. Calculate the standard error (SE) using thespreadsheet "formulas" tool.
            Note: SE = s/√n, where (s) is the standard deviation of the population, and (n) is the size (number of observations) of the sample.
         4. Test the significance of the results by applying a t-test to the average signal intensity and standard error values calculated as mentioned above.
         5. Draw a bar graph diagram using the above values to graphically represent the quantitative difference in the callose level between two different backgrounds using the spreadsheet "insert" tool (Figure 4H).
            Note: Mutant/over-expression lines of strong candidates will show different levels of callose compared to wild type, such as no callose, little callose or hyper PD callose accumulation.

Results

In the current setup, dexamethasone (dex)-inducible RNAi lines of AtGSL8 [hereafter dsGSL8 (+dex/-dex)] were used, as homozygous gsl8 T-DNA insertion mutants are seedling lethal¹⁸. Three-day-old etiolated seedlings of dsGSL8 and wild type seedlings with ±dex were exposed to phototropic and gravitropic stimuli. We found that dsGSL8 (+dex) seedlings were defective in phototropism and gravitropism¹⁵. Figure 5...

Discussion

In this manuscript, a strategy to screen mutant/over-expression lines that are defective in phototropic and gravitropic responses due to altered PD callose and, hence, PD SEL is described in detail. PD callose synthesis and degradation is mainly accomplished by callose synthases and β-1,3-Glucanases, but regulation of these enzymes is controlled by many upstream factors. To search for such upstream factors or candidates which are directly involved in PD regulation, we have set up this method for screening. This set ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
HPTS (8-Hydroxypyrene -1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt)	Sigma	H1529-1G	Fluorescent dye as symplasmic tracer
LE Agarose	Dongin-Genomic	GEL001-500G	Used for HPTS agarose block
Microwave oven	LG-Goldstar		Machine for boiling agarose gel
100 ml glass conical flask	Dong Kwang	A0205	Used to boil HPTS agarose gel
Petri dish (35 mm x 10 mm)	SPL life sciences	SPL10035	Used to make HPTS agarose blocks and wash plant samples
Microscope cover slides and glass slides (24 mm x 50 mm)	Marienfeld Laboratory Glassware	101222	Used for HPTS agarose blocks and microscopic sample preparation
MS medium plates 125 mm x 125 mm x 20 mm	SPL life sciences	SPL11125	Plates to make MS agar medium
Scissors	Germany Stainless	HSB 942-11	Used to excise hook region of plant samples
Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salt mixture	Duchefa	P10453.01	MS medium including vitamins.
(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) monohydrate	Bioshop	3G30212	To make MS media.
Plant agar	Duchefa	P1001.1000	To solidify MS media.
Autoclave	ALP	CL-40L
Shaker	Wise Mix	SHO-1D	To wash off the aniline blue staining buffer and HPTS dye in a placid way.
1 ml Blue tips	Sorenson	10040
1 ml pipette	BioPette	L-1101-2
Surgical tape	MIcropore	1530-0	To seal the MS plate
Aniline blue (Methyl blue)	Sigma	M5528-25G	Used to prepare aniline blue staining buffer.
Glycine	Bioshop	GLN001	Used to prepare aniline blue staining buffer.
DDG	Sigma	D8375-1G	Used for the inhibition of callose synthases.
Confocal microscope	Olympus	FV1000MPE SIM	To check aniline blue staining and HPTS dye loading result.
Stirrer	I lab	K400	To mix media solution.
Aluminium foil	SW cooking foil		To wrap plates in a dark condition.
Sodium hypochlorite	Samjin Industry		To surface-sterilized seeds