Generating Primary Fibroblast Cultures from Mouse Ear and Tail Tissues

Summary

We describe a simple and quick experimental procedure for generating primary fibroblasts from the ears and tails of mice. The procedure does not require special animal training and can be used for the generation of fibroblast cultures from ears stored at RT for up to 10 days.

Abstract

Primary cells are derived directly from tissue and are thought to be more representative of the physiological state of cells in vivo than established cell lines. However, primary cell cultures usually have a finite life span and need to be frequently re-established. Fibroblasts are an easily accessible source of primary cells. Here, we discuss a simple and quick experimental procedure to establish primary fibroblast cultures from ears and tails of mice. The protocol can be used to establish primary fibroblast cultures from ears stored at RT for up to 10 days. When the protocol is carefully followed, contaminations are unlikely to occur despite the use of non-sterile tissue stored for extended time in some cases. Fibroblasts proliferate rapidly in culture and can be expanded to substantial numbers before undergoing replicative senescence.

Introduction

Primary cells are derived from living tissue and cultured under in vitro conditions. It is generally assumed that primary cells more closely resemble the physiological state and genetic background of the tissue from which they originated than immortalized or tumor cell lines¹. For that reason, primary cells represent a useful model for studying biological questions^2,3. However, unlike established cell lines that grow indefinitely, primary cells eventually undergo senescence in culture and need to be frequently re-established.

Commonly used primary cells include fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, T cells, B cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Fibroblasts are often utilized as primary cell culture model. They offer key advantages over other primary cells. Cell cultures are easily established, readily maintained and require no purification of cells prior to culture. They have rapid initial proliferation and no requirement for specialized medium or activation protocols. Fibroblasts can be efficiently transfected using biological, chemical, and physical protocols^4,5. There is a possibility to store ears for up to 10 days at RT prior to establishing cell cultures. Fibroblast cultures are conducive to visualization of cytoplasmic processes and suitable for reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells⁶.

Fibroblasts are important cells of the connective tissue that secrete collagen proteins and extracellular matrix⁷. They provide the structural framework in many tissues⁸ and play an essential role in wound healing and tissue repair^9,10.

Here, we describe a simple and quick (<4 hr) protocol to establish fibroblast cultures from ears and tails of mice¹¹. The protocol requires minimal mouse experience to harvest the tissues (in contrast to other protocols^12,13) and can be used to establish cultures from ears stored in medium at RT for up to 10 days.

Protocol

Mice were housed in pathogen-free conditions in compliance with the institutional guidelines until euthanization (The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines at the National University of Singapore and the National Advisory Committee for Laboratory Animal Research (NACLAR) guidelines).

1. Mice

1. Order one mouse of the appropriate genetic background. This protocol is based on tissue derived from one C57BL/6 mouse.

2. Preparation of Complete Medium

1. Prepare complete medium by adding the following components to Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium: 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 µM asparagine, 2 mM glutamine, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution.

3. Preparation of Enzyme Solutions

1. Prepare collagenase D solution in a 15 ml conical bottom tube.
   1. Weigh 10 mg of collagenase D. Dissolve collagenase D in 4 ml complete medium.
2. Prepare pronase solution in a 1.7 ml microcentrifuge tube.
   1. Weigh 10 mg of pronase.
   2. Add 5 µl of 1 M Tris buffer (pH 8.0). Add 1 µl of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0).
   3. Top up with 494 µl of sterile water.
   4. Incubate the pronase solution at 37 °C in a water bath for 30 min.

4. Preparation of Collagenase D-pronase Mix (≤2 Tails)

Note: Perform the subsequent steps in a sterile cell culture hood.

1. Add 250 µl of pronase solution to 4 ml of collagenase D solution.
2. Pass the collagenase D-pronase mixture through a 0.2 µm syringe filter into a sterile 15 ml conical bottom tube.

5. Extraction of Fibroblasts from Ear and Tail Tissues

1. Euthanize mice according to the appropriate institutional guidelines.
2. Place autoclaved surgical instruments (scissors and forceps) in the cell culture hood.
3. Add 10 ml complete medium into two 10 cm cell culture dishes each.
4. Cut ears (~1 cm radius) and 5 cm of tail (from the tip of the tail) of a mouse with scissors and incubate for 5 min in 40 ml 70% ethanol in a sterile 50 ml conical bottom tube.
5. Air-dry ears and tail by placing them in an open 10 cm cell culture dish in the hood for 5 min. Once dried, transfer ear and tail pieces to two culture dishes labelled "ears" and "tail" containing 10 ml complete medium as described in step 5.3.
6. Remove hair from the ears and tail using scissors.
7. Cut ears and tail into pieces smaller than 3 mm in size using scissors.
8. Transfer the cut tissues into 1.8 ml cryotube vials labelled "ears" and "tail" and add sufficient collagenase D-pronase solution for the volume to reach the 1.8 ml mark on the vial.
9. Place the cryotube vials horizontally on a shaker and shake the samples at 200 rpm for 90 min at 37 °C.
10. After 90 min incubation, remove the cryotube vials from the shaker and place the vials in the hood.
11. Add 10 ml complete medium into two 10 cm cell culture dishes, labelled "ears" and "tail" each, and put a 70 µm cell strainer in each dish.
12. Place the digested ear and tail tissues in the 70 µm cell strainer in the accordingly labelled dishes prepared in step 5.11 and forcefully grind the tissues using a 10 ml syringe plunger for >5 min. Shake the cell strainer occasionally in the medium to wash cells out of the cell strainer.
13. Pipette the cell suspension from each dish into two 15 ml conical bottom tubes labelled "ears" and "tail". Wash the dish and strainer with additional 10 ml complete medium and add the medium to the appropriate 15 ml conical bottom tubes.
14. Spin down the cell suspension for 7 min at ~580 x g and 4 °C using a refrigerated cell centrifuge.
15. Remove supernatant, add 10 ml complete medium to the cell pellet in the 15 ml conical bottom tube and resuspend the cells.
16. Repeat step 5.14 and 5.15.

6. Culturing of Cell Mixture

1. Remove supernatant. Ensure that the cell pellet remains undisturbed.
2. Re-suspend cells in 10 ml complete medium and add the respective mixture to two 10 cm cell culture dishes labelled "ears" and "tail".
3. Add 10 µl amphotericin B solution (stock solution: 250 µg/ml) to the culture.
4. Incubate cells at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator.
5. On the third day, replace the medium with 10 ml fresh complete medium containing 10 µl of amphotericin B to remove debris (Figures 1 and 2).

7. Sub-culture of Fibroblasts

1. When culture reaches around 70% confluency (day 3-4 of culture) remove the medium and wash the cells with 5 ml sterile 1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
2. Remove PBS and add 2 ml sterile 1x trypsin-EDTA solution to the cells.
3. Incubate the cells for 5 min at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator.
4. After 5 min, gently tap the culture dish and add 6 ml complete medium to the cells.
5. Transfer the cell suspension to a 15 ml conical bottom tube and spin the tube for 5 min at ~450 x g and 4 °C using a refrigerated cell centrifuge.
6. Remove supernatant, and gently re-suspend the cell pellet in 5 ml complete medium.
7. Seed 2 x 10⁵ cells in a 10 cm cell culture dish and incubate the cells at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator for 3-4 days before repeating steps 7.1 to 7.6.

8. Preparation of Ears for Shipment

Note: Perform the subsequent steps in a sterile cell culture hood.

1. Euthanize mice according to the appropriate institutional guidelines.
2. Place autoclaved scissors and forceps into the cell culture hood.
3. Add 50 ml complete medium into a 50 ml conical bottom tube.
4. Cut ears (~1 cm radius) of a mouse with scissors.
5. Transfer the ears into the 50 ml conical bottom tube (as prepared in step 3) using forceps.
6. Seal the 50 ml conical bottom tube with parafilm before shipping at RT in an appropriate box.

Results

Extraction of fibroblasts from tissue results in a significant amount of tissue debris (Figure 1). In contrast to tissue debris, fibroblasts adhere to tissue culture plastic surfaces between day 1 and 3 of culture. The medium of fibroblast cultures can be safely changed on day 3 of culture, which should significantly decrease the levels of debris present in the culture (Figure 2). Fibroblasts display an elongated morphology and a clearly visible cytoplasm (Figures 1 and 2

Discussion

Here we provide a simple, inexpensive and fast experimental procedure to establish primary fibroblast cultures from ears and tails of mice. The extraction should result in adherent and rapidly dividing fibroblasts within 3 days post-isolation of the tissue. An important limitation of primary cells is senescence, a permanent growth arrest¹⁵. Using the protocol, fibroblast cultures can be passaged for 5 to 6 times before fibroblasts become senescent, indicated by the flattening of cells, increase in size (2-3 ti...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
RPMI-1640	HyClone	SH30027.01
Fetal Calf Serum	HyClone	SV30160.03
2-mercaptoethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	M3148
Asparagine	Sigma-Aldrich	A4159
Glutamine	Sigma-Aldrich	G8540
Penicillin/Streptomycin	HyClone	SV30010
Ethanol	Merck Millipore	107017	Absolute for analysis
Collagenase D	Roche Diagnostics	11088866001	From Clostridium histolyticum, lyophilized, non-sterile
Pronase protease	Merck Millipore	53702	From Streptomyces griseus
Tris buffer (pH 8)	1st BASE	1415	Ultra pure grade
0.5M EDTA (pH 8)	1st BASE	BUF-1053	Biotechnology grade
10X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	1st BASE	BUF-2040-10X4L	Ultra pure grade
Trypsin-EDTA solution 10X	Sigma-Aldrich	59418C-100ML	0.5% trypsin, 0.2% EDTA, trypsin gamma irradiated by SER-TAIN process, without phenol red, in saline
Amphotericin B	Sigma-Aldrich	A2492-20ml	250 μg/ml in deionized water, sterile-filtered
Scissors	Aesculap
Forcep	Aesculap	AE-BD312R
0.2 μM syringe filter	Sartorius Stedim	16534
70 μM cell strainer	SPL	93070
Syringe plunger	Terumo	SS+10L
Cryovial tube	NUNC	368362
1.7 ml microcentrifuge tube	Axygen	MCT-175-C
10 cm cell culture dish	Greiner	664160	Cell culture treated dish
15 ml conical bottom tube	Greiner	188271
50 ml conical bottom tube	Greiner	227261
Water bath	GFL	1002
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5810R
Incubation shaker	Sartorius Stedim		Certomat-BS1
Zeiss Axiovert 25 light microscope	Carl Zeiss AG