Isolation of CD 90+ Fibroblast/Myofibroblasts from Human Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Summary

Here, a protocol to isolate and establish primary fibroblast/myofibroblast (MF) cultures from frozen gastric, small intestinal, and colonic tissue-yielding cells with a MF phenotype-is presented. These cells express CD90, α-SMA and vimentin. MFs can be used for a variety of functional assays including enzymatic activity and cytokine production.

Abstract

Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (MFs) have been gaining increasing attention for their role in pathogenesis and their contributions to both wound healing and promotion of the tumor microenvironment. While there are currently many techniques for the isolation of MFs from gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, this protocol introduces a novel element of isolation of these stromal cells from frozen tissue. Freezing GI tissue specimens not only allows the researcher to acquire samples from worldwide collaborators, biobanks, and commercial vendors, it also permits the delayed processing of fresh samples. The described protocol will consistently yield characteristic spindle-shaped cells with the MF phenotype that express the markers CD90, α-SMA and vimentin. As these cells are derived from patient samples, the use of primary cells also confers the benefit of closely mimicking MFs from disease states-namely cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases. This technique has been validated in gastric, small bowel, and colonic MF primary culture generation. Primary MF cultures can be used in a vast array of experiments over a number of passage and their purity assessed by both immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analysis.

Introduction

Myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (MFs) represent an abundant population of cells in gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa. These stromal cells are located just beneath the epithelium and form an interconnected network within mucosal lamina propria in the gut. MFs are not only responsible for the deposition of the extracellular matrix, but through paracrine regulation may influence electrolyte transport, restitution, and barrier function of the adjacent epithelium^{1, 2}. Furthermore, MFs have been shown to play a key role in inflammation and tissue remodeling^{3, 4}. Myofibroblasts are a critical part of the tumor microenvironment, where they are also known as cancer-associated fibroblasts, and contribute to the tumor cell growth and serve as a niche for cancer stem cells³. Emerging data suggests that MFs may also serve as local antigen presenting cells. Additionally, MFs function as important regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, producing a variety of cytokines and growth factors⁵.

In healthy individuals, MFs cells are believed to differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells and express on their cell surface, the mesenchymal marker, CD90^{3, 5}. These cells are also positive for vimentin, but negative for epithelial and hematopoietic cell marker, EpCAM and CD45, respectively. Myofibroblasts are suggested to be an activated form of fibroblasts and can be distinguished from non-activated fibroblasts by the expression of α-SMA⁵.

Over the past decade, multiple approaches for the isolation of myofibroblasts from human colonic mucosa have been published-mostly based on the method originally described by Mahida et al.^5-8. While individual studies report isolation procedures from various gut mucosa, no universal protocol for the isolation of MFs from multiple areas of the GI tract (i.e., gastric, small and large intestinal mucosa) has been published. The protocol presented herein has been tested and successfully used for all three type of tissue mentioned above. . Furthermore, procedures for isolating MFs from frozen GI mucosa have not been reported.

Here, we present an optimized method, which is based on enzymatic digestion, and concurrently allows for the isolation of human gut mucosal MFs for culture and flow cytometry analysis in freshly-digested, single cell, mucosal preparations. This technique reliably yields primary cultures with an MF phenotype. Furthermore, the same methods can be used to isolate MFs from frozen specimens of gastric and small intestinal tissues as well. Isolation of myofibroblasts from fresh GI tissue has been previously described; however, the utilization of frozen specimens presents many benefits. Namely, researchers would be able to collect and store tissues from any number of collaborators across the world who have the capability to ship frozen tissue samples. Moreover, researchers may find the collection of discarded tissue from the operating room and/or endoscopy suite and immediate processing the tissue for isolation to conflict with their current experimentation schedule. Also, due to the unpredictable nature of surgery, tissue procurement may occur very late in the day, which will limit the time left for processing tissue. Freezing tissue for later processing will ameliorate these challenges.

Lastly, these methods have been successfully utilized in the isolation of colonic, gastric and small intestinal myofibroblasts in disease states such as colorectal carcinoma and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Protocol

The protocol for obtaining discarded human tissue from surgical patients and the establishment of primary cultures was approved by the University of Texas Medical Branch and University of New Mexico Institutional Review Boards. The general requirements for the procurement of human tissue specimens is described below. Note that since MFs may be isolated from frozen tissue, biobanks and commercial vendors are also viable options.

1. Obtain Human Tissue

1. Submit a protocol to obtain human colon tissue to the institutional review board for approval.
2. Establish collaborations with general surgeons and/or colorectal surgeons in order to obtain human tissue for research. Collaboration with the pathology department is also mandatory as they will be determining the tissue that is not required for diagnosis and may be designated for research.
3. Advise the pathologist to provide tissue from the neoplasm and then grossly normal mucosa at least 5 cm from the tumor. Immediately place the samples in ice-cold wash media and place on ice. The pathologist will determine the amount of tissue that can be safely given for research. The minimal tissue required for MF isolation is 1.5 mm².
4. Use the obtained tissue either immediately to establish the primary cultures or freeze and place at -80 °C for future isolation.
   1. If freezing for later isolation, cut the tissue into approximately 1 - 2 mm² pieces, place into a cryogenic tube with 1 ml of freeze media (see below), and store at -80 °C. Note: Utilizing this protocol, successful isolation of MFs from tissue frozen for over 4 years has been observed.

2. Prepare Reagents

1. For Collagenase solution: Prepare 100 U/ml collagenase I, II and IV in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ (see Materials Table). CAUTION: Collagenase active unit concentration and purity may varies from vendor to vendor, which may impede the efficiency of the tissue digestion and/or preservation of the epitope on the mucosal cell surface. To prevent these potential pitfalls, use collagenase with highest degree of purity (≥95%) and prepare the stock solution based on the active units concentration.
2. Prepare Water-based DNase stock solution at 10 mg/ml (3.55 UA/mg).
3. Prepare Wash media: (MEM: 89 ml, Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 100x: 1 ml; heat-inactivated FCS: 10 ml)
4. Prepare Fibroblast growth media: MEM: 500 ml bottle; L-glutamine (200 mM): 5 ml; MEM non-essential amino acids, 100x solution: 5 ml; ciprofloxacin HCl (10 mg/ml): 570 µl; Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 100x solution: 10 ml; sodium pyruvate (100 mM): 5 ml; heat-inactivated FCS: 50 ml
5. Prepare Freeze media: Fibroblast growth media (Reagent 2.4) with the addition of 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), then filter-sterilize with a 0.22 µm filter.

3. Enzymatically Digest Human Tissue

1. If the tissue was frozen in freeze media, place cryovial in warm (~ 37 °C) water until tissue and media is thawed.
2. For 4 - 5 of 2 mm² pieces of tissue, wash tissue twice with 10 ml of HBSS without Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺.
3. Once tissue has settled by gravity, carefully discard the supernatant without spinning sample.
4. Add 10 ml of the collagenase solution to the sample and transfer the tissue-solution mixture into a sterile, DNase/RNase-free tube with built-in rotors for sample dissociation. Use collagenase to dissociate the extracellular matrix which surrounds the basal aspect of epithelial cells and forms the non-cellular fraction of the mucosal lamina propria.
5. Tightly close tube and attach it upside down onto the sleeve of the dissociator (e.g., GentleMACs). If the lab does not have the access to the aforementioned equipment, increase the time of each digestion step to obtain comparable results.
6. Run the Program h_tumor_01, a pre-set profile included with the machine (total duration of 36 sec, with intermittent pulses ranging from 1,000 - 4,000 rpm, with 268 rounds per run).
7. After termination of the program, detach tube from the dissociator.
8. Incubate sample for 45 min at 37 °C under continuous rotation on shaker at 140 rpm. Note: For varying amounts of tissue samples, time of digestion can be proportionally reduced or increased (i.e., larger amounts of tissue may require additional time).
9. Attach tube upside down onto the sleeve of the dissociator.
10. Choose and run the Program h_tumor_02 (total duration of 37 sec, with intermittent pulses ranging from 1,000 - 4,000 rpm, with 235 rounds per run).
11. After termination of the program, detach tube from the dissociator.
12. Add 50 µl of DNase stock solution. Use DNAse to dissociate/remove dead cells and DNA fraction of cellular debris that leads to cell clumping.
13. Incubate sample for 30 min at 37 °C under continuous rotation on shaker at 60 rpm.
14. Attach tube upside down onto the sleeve of the dissociator again.
15. Choose and run the Program h_tumor_03 (total duration of 37 sec, with intermittent pulses ranging from 1,000 - 4,000 rpm, with 168 rounds per run).
    Note: If the tissue is not completely digested, centrifuge at 250 × g for 10 min at 20 °C, discard supernatant, resuspend in 2 ml of cell dissociation solution and incubate at RT for 10 min.
16. Pass the cell suspension through sterile 70 µm cell strainer.
17. Centrifuge cell suspension at 250 × g for 10 min at 20 °C. Aspirate supernatant completely.
18. Wash cell pellet twice with 25 ml of HBSS without Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ and discard the supernatant.
19. Prior to the last wash, count cell number using an automated cell counting system available in the laboratory or manually using hemocytometer. For MF primary culture generation proceed for step 3.19.1, for the analysis or sorting of MFs using flow cytometry proceed for step 3.19.2.
    1. For isolation and growth of pure MF culture (Figure 1), discard the supernatant from last centrifugation, resuspend cell pellet in the appropriate amount of fibroblast isolation media needed to seed up to 4 x 10⁶ cells in 3 ml of the media per well in 6 well, cell culture-treated plates. Proceed to step 3.20.
    2. For the analysis or sorting of MFs using flow cytometry, place up to 2 x 10⁶ in 2 ml of fibroblast isolation media in 24 well, low-binding plate and incubate O/N at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. This is to restore the cell surface epitopes that may be affected by the enzymatic procedure. Then collect cell suspension and count recovered cells and proceed for the immunostaining and flow cytometry analysis⁸.
20. Grow cells at 37 °C with 5% CO₂. Change media every 2 - 3 days until formation of ~ 80% confluent MF monolayer (Figure 1D-E).
21. Passage cells in T25 flasks with from 6 well plate at ratio 1:1 and grow for ~ 10 - 14 days in fibroblast growth media to achieve 80 - 100% confluency.
22. Expand culture by passaging cells from T25 to T75 cells at ratio 1:2. Once cells reach confluency, use one flask for the analysis of isolated MF purity using by flow cytometry as described previously⁵. Freeze or passage another T75 flask of MF culture at ratio 1:3.
    Note: When analyzed by flow cytometry, it is expected that GI mucosa stromal MF of mesenchymal origin when growing in culture will have following phenotype: EpCAM-, CD31-, CD45-, vimentin⁺, α-SMA⁺, CD90⁺.

Results

Using this enzymatic digestion protocol, we have consistently been able to isolate and grow MF population gut CD90⁺ mucosal stromal cells from GI surgical specimens and biopsies (Figure 1). Visible MF colony proliferation could be observed on day 2 - 5 after seeding mononuclear cell suspensions into 6 well plates (Figure 1A-B). The MF primary cultures reach ~ 50 - 70 % confluence by day 7 - 11 (Figure 1C-D).

Discussion

While this protocol was developed for the research application only, in the light of growing critical importance of stromal cells as a potential cancer prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic target, the ability to freeze "functional" biospecimens for later use offers a significant advantage. This represents a unique advantage for creation of clinical biorepository, which may serve as additional tools serving to advance the development of personalized medicine^{10, 11}. Similar to findings previously report...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
MEM, 1x	Corning	MT-10-010-CV
Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution	Sigma-Aldrich	H6648
Sodium pyruvate	Sigma-Aldrich	S8636
Antibiotic-Antimycotic, 100x	Gibco	15240-062
Ciprofloxacin HCl	Corning	61-277-RF
L-Glutamine, 100x	Corning	25-005-CI
MEM Nonessential Amino Acids	Corning	25-025-CI
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) Hybri-Max	Sigma-Aldrich	D2650
DL-Dithiothreitol solution (DTT)	Sigma-Aldrich	646563
0.5 M EDTA, pH 8.0	Cellgro	46-034-CI
DNAse	Worthington	LS002139
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, Type I	Sigma-Aldrich	C1639
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, Type II	Sigma-Aldrich	C1764
Collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum, Type IV	Sigma-Aldrich	C5138
Accumax cell dissociation solution	Sigma-Aldrich	A7089
gentleMACS C Tubes	Miltenyi Biotec	130-093-237
gentleMACS Dissociator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-093-235
Countess Automated Cell Counter	Invitrogen	C10227
Cell Strainer (70 µm)	Corning	352350
PE Mouse Anti-Human Vimentin	BD Biosciences	562337	Clone RV202
FITC Monoclonal Anti-Actin, α-Smooth Muscle	Sigma-Aldrich	F3777	Clone 1A4
APC Mouse Anti-Human CD90	BD Biosciences	559869	Clone 5E10