Selective Harvesting of Marginating-hepatic Leukocytes

Summary

Marginating-hepatic leukocytes exhibit unique characteristics and distinct immunological functions compared to other leukocyte populations. Here we describe a method for selective harvesting of this specific hepatic cell population, through forced perfusion of the liver of rats or mice. Marginating-hepatic leukocytes seem critical in determining susceptibility to hepatic-related diseases and metastases.

Abstract

Marginating-hepatic (MH) leukocytes (leukocytes adhering to the sinusoids of the liver), were shown to exhibit unique composition and characteristics compared to leukocytes of other immune compartments. Specifically, evidence suggests a distinct pro- and anti-inflammatory profile of the MH-leukocyte population and higher cytotoxicity of liver-specific NK cells (namely, pit cells) compared to circulating or splenic immunocytes in both mice and rats. The method presented herein enables selective harvesting of MH leukocytes by forced perfusion of the liver in mice and rats. In contrast to other methods used to extract liver-leukocytes, including tissue grinding and biological degradation, this method exclusively yields leukocytes from the liver sinusoids, uncontaminated by cells from other liver compartments. In addition, the perfusion technique better preserves the integrity and the physiological milieu of MH leukocytes, sparing known physiological responses to tissue processing. As many circulating malignant cells and infected cells are detained while passing through the liver sinusoids, physically interacting with endothelial cells and resident leukocytes, the unique MH leukocyte population is strategically located to interact, identify, and react towards aberrant circulating cells. Thus, selective harvesting of MH-leukocytes and their study under various conditions may advance our understanding of the biological and clinical significance of MH leukocytes, specifically with respect to circulating aberrant cells and liver-related diseases and cancer metastases.

Introduction

The liver sinusoids contain numerous leukocyte subtypes of various immune activities critical to the organism. For example, marginating hepatic (MH) natural killer (NK) cells, also known as pit cells, are characterized morphologically as large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) and functionally as leukocytes with spontaneous cytotoxic capacity, enabling hepatic-resistance against the establishment of blood-borne tumor metastases. The goal of the method presented herein is to enable selective harvesting of MH leukocytes, in order to study this important and unique cell population (and immune compartment), and to elucidate the impact of various manipulations (e.g. immune activation) on these specific cells.

Despite the failure of immunity to eliminate a developing primary tumor, evidence in cancer patients and animal models indicate that the immune system can control circulating tumor cells, micrometastases, and residual disease through cell-mediated immunity (CMI). However, there is an apparent inconsistency between these in vivo capabilities and in vitro studies in humans and in animals, which demonstrate that most autologous tumor cells are resistant to cytotoxicity by circulating or splenic leukocytes^1,2. This inconsistency may be ascribed, at least in part, to the in vivo existence of a distinct leukocyte subpopulation, namely the marginating-hepatic (sinusoids) leukocytes and their subpopulation of activated NK cells, namely pit cells³. Indeed, unpublished data from our laboratory indicated that in F344 rats syngeneic tumor cells (MADB106), which were found resistant to circulating and splenic leukocytes, were lysed by MH-NK cells⁴. Thus, tumor cells that are allegedly "NK-resistant" to circulating leukocytes may be controlled by MH-NK cells. Noteworthy, in mice the enhanced activity of MH-NK is evident only following in vivo immune stimulation (e.g. through the use of Poly I:C or CpG-C)⁵.

Liver-specific NK cells (MH-NK) are situated inside the sinusoidal lumen, adhering to the endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. MH-NK cells are exclusively characterized by spherical dense granules and rod-cored vesicles⁶, which contain acid phosphatase as lysosomal enzymes, and perforin and granzymes as bioactive substances^7,8. Compared with circulating NK cells, MH-NK cells exhibit a higher number and size of granules and vesicles^9-11. Under inflammatory conditions, MH-NK cells were shown to exhibit higher expression of LFA-1¹², as compared to circulating NK cells. This enhanced expression might constitute a mechanism by which MH-NK cells are more cytotoxic against certain tumor cells than circulating NK cells ^13,14. nterestingly, following in vitro incubation with interleukin (IL)-2, MH-NK cells become enlarged, and their number and size of granules increase, all of which are consistent with a profile of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells¹⁵.

Active MH leukocytes cannot be exclusively obtained through the standard liver leukocyte harvesting methods, which are based on grinding and biological degradation of the tissue. Our perfusion approach described herein has two major advantages compared to the standard approaches. First, the perfusion approach selectively harvests MH leukocytes, preventing contamination by other leukocytes from other liver compartments. Second, the perfusion technique better preserves the integrity, the activity, and the physiological milieu of MH leukocytes, unlike the tissue processing approaches that damage cells or alter their morphology, and due to tissue damage, induce the release of various factors that markedly modulate immune activity.

The liver is a major target organ for cancer metastasis and for various infections¹⁶. As MH cells exhibit unique characteristics it is important to study this specific population under various conditions with respect to these pathologies. For example, it is worthy to note that systemic immune activation by various BRMs (e.g. poly I:C or CpG-C) have been shown to activate MH-leukocytes more than circulating leukocytes⁵.

Protocol

Ethics Statement: Procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at Tel-Aviv University.

1. Rats Protocol

1. Preparations
   1. Prepare heparinized PBS (30 units/ml) solution to be used at room temperature (RT) by adding 30 units of preservative free heparin per ml of Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1x solution. Calculate 35 ml per animal.
   2. Pass heparinized PBS through the peristaltic pump lines and the butterfly needles to eliminate air bubbles.
   3. Sterilize surgical tools – 2 pairs of scissors, blunted-edged forceps, 2 hemostats, and tooth-tissue forceps (autoclave at 121 °C for at least 30 min on gravity (dry) setting).
2. Perfusion of the Liver and Collection of MH-leukocytes
   1. Euthanize the animal by an overdose of 8% isoflurane. As a precaution, place a 50 ml tube containing an isoflurane-soaked pad around the rat head until opening its chest cavity.
   2. Open the peritoneal and chest cavities to expose the liver and the cardiopulmonary complex immediately upon cessation of respiration. Avoid bleeding through this process.
      1. Specifically, start the incision at the lower abdominal midline point, without damaging internal organs, and progress to both sides diagonally toward the ribs, cutting through them to upper chest-cavity levels.
   3. Within approximately a min, collect as much blood as possible (~6 ml from a 250 g animal) from the right ventricle into a syringe.
   4. Clamp the caudal vena cava with a hemostat as close as possible to the heart, to enable the collection of the perfusate.
   5. Pull out the intestines and place outside the animal to the experimenter's right, to expose the portal vein.
   6. Insert a 25 G IV catheter, connected to a peristaltic pump, into the portal vein, as caudal as possible, but rostral to the splenic vein.
   7. Insert a 25 G butterfly needle, connected to a 5 ml syringe, into the inferior vena cava, caudal to the hemostat.
   8. Turn on the peristaltic pump at a speed of approximately 3 ml/min and gently collect the first ml of perfusate that are contaminated with blood into the syringe. Continue until the perfusate color is turns pale red (approximately 3-5 ml). Notice that the color of the liver is changing towards light brown.
   9. Without stopping the peristaltic pump, replace the 5 ml harvesting syringe with a 20 ml harvesting syringe and collect at least 20 ml of liver perfusate employing a higher speed of perfusion (up to 4 ml/min). Continuously monitor the perfusate flow into the collecting syringe, and avoid vacuum that is too strong (which may clog the needle through collapsing the vena cava walls).
   10. Terminate perfusion when the color of the liver turns to light brown.
3. Leukocytes Extraction
   1. Centrifuge the perfusate for 10 min at 400 x g, 24 °C.
   2. Aspirate the supernatant
   3. Add 10 ml PBS, centrifuge at 400 x g for 10 min, and aspirate the supernatant. Based on study goals, use preparation as is, or conduct additional purifications (e.g., density-gradient separation).
      1. Specifically, layer 4 ml of perfusate over 4 ml of density-gradient separation mass in a 50 cc polypropylene centrifuge tube. Spin the tubes at 754 x g, RT, for 30 min with the break off.
      2. Obtain the mononuclear layers at the density-gradient separation-supernatant interface by manual pipetting, wash in PBS, and insert into a 5 ml tube.

2. Mouse Protocol

1. Preparations
   1. Prepare heparinized PBS (30 units/ml) solution to be used at room temperature (RT) by adding 30 units of preservative free heparin per ml of Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 1x solution. Calculate 20 ml per animal.
   2. Pass heparinized PBS through the peristaltic pump lines and the butterfly needles to eliminate air bubbles.
   3. Sterilize surgical tools – 2 pairs of scissors, blunted-edged forceps, 2 hemostats, and tooth-tissue forceps (autoclave at 121 °C for at least 30 min on gravity (dry) setting).
2. Perfusion of the Liver and Collection of MH-Leukocytes
   1. Euthanize the animal by an overdose of 8% isoflurane. As a precaution, place a 15 ml tube containing an isoflurane-soaked pad around the mouse head until opening its chest cavity.
   2. Fix the limbs of the mouse to a bed.
   3. Open the peritoneal and chest cavities to expose the liver and the cardiopulmonary complex immediately upon cessation of respiration, keeping the lower aspect of the diaphragm intact (to create a draining chest cavity pool). Avoid bleeding through this process.
      1. Specifically, start the incision at the lower abdominal midline point, without damaging internal organs, and progress to both sides diagonally toward the ribs, cutting through them to upper chest-cavity levels.
   4. Pullout the intestines and place outside the animal to the experimenter's right, to expose the portal vein.
   5. Insert a 30 g needle, connected to a peristaltic pump into the portal vein rostral to the splenic vein.
   6. Cut the inferior vena cava above the diaphragm to allow drainage and collection of the perfusate from the chest cavity.
   7. Turn on the peristaltic pump at a speed of approximately 3 ml/min and gently collect the first 3 ml of perfusate that are contaminated with blood from the chest cavity pool.
   8. Discard this perfusate. Repeat such a washing again if needed, by using saline, and only then start collecting liver perfusate.
   9. Re-initiate the perfusion at a speed of up to 4 ml/min, and collect 10 ml of perfusate from the chest cavity using a butterfly connected to a syringe.
   10. Terminate perfusion when the color of the liver turns to light brown.
3. Leukocytes Extraction
   1. Centrifuge the perfusate for 10 min at 400 x g.
   2. Aspirate the supernatant.
   3. Add 10 ml PBS, centrifuge at 400 x g for 10 min, and aspirate the supernatant Based on study goals, use preparation as is, or conduct additional purifications (e.g., density-gradient separation).
      1. Specifically, layer every 4 ml of perfusate over 4 ml of density-gradient separation mass in a 50 cc polypropylene centrifuge tube. Spin the tubes at 754 x g, RT, for 30 min with the break off.
      2. Obtain the mononuclear layers at the density-gradient separation-supernatant interface by manual pipetting, wash in PBS, and insert into a 5 ml tube.

Results

In F344 rats we compared the cytotoxicity of MH-NK cells (collected from the liver sinusoids by forced liver perfusion) to cytotoxicity of the entire liver cell population following mechanical grinding of the liver tissue, and to the cytotoxicity of circulating leukocytes. All cell preparations were washed at least 3 times, as routine in immunological assays, and as target cell lines we used the allogenic YAC-1 or the syngeneic MADB106 target cell lines. As indicated in Figures 1<...

Discussion

The liver perfusion method presented herein enables a selective harvesting and studying of the unique population of marginating hepatic leukocytes. Hepatic NK cells, also called pit cells³, constitute a distinctive NK cell population that reside in the hepatic sinusoids. They are found in rats, mice¹⁷ and in humans^18,19. Compared to isolated peripheral NK cells, pit cells demonstrated higher cytotoxicity against YAC-1 and CC531s target cell lines²⁰, were shown to have a higher ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Autoclud Peristaltic pump
Butterfly needle	OMG		26 G
Butterfly needle	OMG		21 G*3/4"
Syringe	Pic solution		1 ml
Syringe	Pic solution		2.5 ml
Syringe	Pic solution		5 ml
Syringe	Pic solution		10 ml
Syringe	Pic solution		25 ml
Blunted-edged forceps
Scissors
hemostat
Tissue forceps
22 W Fluorescent Daylight Magnifier Lamp