Targeting Biofilm Associated Staphylococcus aureus Using Resazurin Based Drug-susceptibility Assay

Summary

Most bacterial infections produce a biofilm. By virtue of their environment, biofilm associated bacteria are often phenotypically drug resistant. Novel antibacterial molecules that kill bacteria in biofilms are thus a high priority. We establish an assay to quickly screen for antimicrobial compounds that are effective at eradicating biofilms.

Abstract

Most pathogenic bacteria are able to form biofilms during infection, but due to the difficulty of manipulating and assessing biofilms, the vast majority of laboratory work is conducted with planktonic cells. Here, we describe a peg plate biofilm assay as performed with Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial biofilms are grown on pegs attached to a 96-well microtiter plate lid, washed through gentle submersion in buffer, and placed in a drug challenge plate. After subsequent incubation they are again washed and moved to a final recovery plate, in which the fluorescent dye resazurin serves as a viability indicator. This assay offers greatly increased ease-of-use, reliability, and reproducibility, as well as a wealth of data when conducted as a kinetic read. Moreover, this assay can be adapted to a medium-throughput drug screening approach by which an endpoint fluorescent readout is taken instead, offering a path for drug discovery efforts.

Introduction

Pathogenic microbes can form biofilms in vivo leading to non-acute chronic infections ¹. Biofilm-associated infection is a serious risk factor of medical procedures that involve implantation of foreign objects (e.g., artificial bone replacements, breast implants) or the installation of tracheal tubes or urinary catheters ². In these contexts, anti-infective therapy is almost always necessary as biofilm-based infections are rarely cleared on their own, even in immunocompetent individuals. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently observed pathogens implicated in biofilm-related complications occurring during the use of invasive medical devices ³.

Unfortunately, the very nature of biofilms as a protective barrier makes them more resistant to treatment than planktonic cells ^1,4, and evaluation of predicted clinical efficacy is a critical part of both initial drug development as well as drug resistance surveillance. There is increasing acknowledgement that laboratory conditions, focused on planktonic cultures, may not faithfully represent real-world disease ⁵. Further compounding the problem, replication of biofilm phenotypes is difficult, and existing biofilm models are tedious and suffer from high inter- and intra-assay variability ⁶. Thus, many researchers, through necessity, default to planktonic cell assays of drug susceptibility, thereby potentially neglecting an important aspect of bacterial virulence and disease.

Here we describe the protocol for assaying bacteria, specifically S. aureus, in pre-grown biofilms utilizing a 96-well based biofilm system ^7,8. While the protocol for biofilm formation and challenge follows essentially the recommendation of the manufacturer, we present an alternative information-rich methodology for quantifying the viability of the biofilm after challenge. Briefly, bacteria are cultured in the peg plate, where biofilms form on the protruding pegs attached to the plate's lid. After biofilm formation, the pegs are gently dipped in wells of a fresh plate filled with PBS to remove planktonic cells. The peg-lid, with biofilms attached, is transferred to a new challenge plate, containing various concentrations of antibiotics to be assayed. After a second incubation, lids are again removed, washed, and transferred to a recovery plate containing resazurin dye, where they undergo a final incubation. Resazurin conversion can be recorded kinetically or taken as an endpoint reading after a defined recovery period. This dye-based method of quantifying the viability of biofilms differs considerably from the tedious CFU (colony forming units) count-based methodology described in the original protocol ⁷. OD₆₀₀ measurements of the drug challenge plate and resazurin conversion kinetics serve as viability readouts of planktonic and biofilm cells, respectively, offering a fast, reliable, information-rich and technically simple assay for biofilm survival.

Protocol

1. Biofilm Initiation

1. Grow a culture of biofilm producing organism in a nutrient rich medium. Inoculate Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman in 10 ml of Mueller-Hinton medium from a glycerol stock. Perform all work involving handling of S. aureus with gloves and within a biosafety cabinet.
2. Incubate for 16 hr at 37 °C on a rotary shaker (100-200 rpm).
3. Determine OD₆₀₀ of the culture using a spectrophotometer and a standard cuvette (path length: 1cm).
4. Calculate the volume (V) of culture needed to prepare 20 ml of inoculum with OD_{600(inoculum)} of 0.1 in chelexed Roswell Park Memorial Institute media (CRPMI)⁹ using the formula: [V = 20 ml*0.1/OD_600(culture)]
   Note: Reference 9 provides details on CRPMI preparation.
   1. Add the calculated culture volume (from above) to a centrifuge tube and pellet cells by spinning for 1 min at 10,000 x g. To prepare biofilm inoculum, aspirate the spent growth medium and resuspend cell pellet in 20 ml CRPMI.
5. Pour inoculum into a 25 ml reservoir.
6. Carefully remove the lid from a sterile 96-well peg plate by pulling it straight up.
   Note: Care must be taken not to contaminate the pegs hanging down from the lid. The lid can be placed upside down on a clean surface within a biosafety cabinet.
7. Using a 200 µl multi-channel pipette, add 125 µl inoculum to each well of rows A to G of the bottom plate.
8. Fill 125 µl sterile CRPMI medium in each well of row H as a sterility control.
9. Take the peg-lid and hold it above the plate bottom with the pegs facing downwards. Carefully align the individual pegs with their respective wells. Avoid physical contact between the plate and the pegs. Once aligned, lower the lid carefully down. Avoid misalignments as readjustments performed after the pegs have touched the bottom plate may contaminate sterility controls in row H.
10. Seal the lid to the plate with paraffin film to prevent evaporation and place in a sealable plastic bag, sealing tightly. Keep the air volume in the bag as low as possible to minimize evaporation.
11. Incubate without shaking at 37 °C for 48 hr in a 5% CO₂ incubator.
    Note: 48 hr of growth has been optimal for S. aureus, but will vary based upon the organism used.
    Note: Although static incubation is a good starting point to optimize the assay, gently shaking at 150 rpm on a microplate shaker is a possible variation that may enhance biofilm formation of some S. aureus isolates.

2. Preparation of the Biofilm Challenge Plate

1. On the day of the biofilm challenge take a fresh 96-well plate and add 100 µl of CRPMI, equilibrated to RT, to each well of rows B to H. To avoid inconsistent results, utilize a 96-well plate that can hold 200 µl of media when the pegs are inside, and features wells with dimensions identical to those of the biofilm initiation plate.
2. Dilute up to 4 test compounds separately in 1.0 ml of CRPMI to 2x the desired final concentration, in order to account for a final dilution in step 2.7.
   Note: A good starting point is 8 fold above the inhibitory concentration of planktonic cells.
3. Add 200 µl of compound 1 in wells A1 to A3, compound 2 in wells A4 to A6, compound 3 in wells A7 to A9 and compound 4 in wells A10 to A12.
4. Serially dilute the test compounds by using a multichannel pipette and transfer 100 µl from row A to row B and mix.
5. In that manner, continue to transfer 100 µl well to well. Mix after each transfer and stop in row F.
6. After mixing, expel 100 µl from row F into a waste container. Do not transfer any liquid to rows G and H.
7. Add 100 µl of CRPMI to each well of the plate using a multichannel pipette to bring the volume to 200 µl. See Figure 1 for final plate layout.

3. Biofilm Challenge

1. Add 200 µl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to a fresh sterile 96-well plate that features wells with dimensions identical to those of the biofilm initiation plate.
2. Remove the plastic bag and paraffin film from incubated biofilm initiation plate.
3. Lift the lid straight up. Avoid contact between the pegs and the plate bottom as this may damage the biofilm. Keep bottom part for subsequent OD₆₀₀ analysis (see 3.8).
4. Rinse off planktonic cells by placing the peg-lid onto the plate containing PBS (from step 3.1). Submerge pegs for 5 sec, lift out of PBS, and submerge once more, being careful not to hit the pegs against the well sides.
5. Place the rinsed peg-lid into the challenge plate. Avoid unnecessary contact between pegs and bottom plate as this will damage the biofilm leading to inconsistent results.
6. Seal plate with paraffin film and place into a sealable plastic bag as described in step 1.10.
7. Incubate the plate without shaking for 24 hr at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ incubator.
8. Take bottom of biofilm initiation plate from 3.3. Resuspend the bacteria in each well using a multichannel pipette and measure the OD₆₀₀ with a suitable microplate reader to confirm growth occurring in all wells but the sterility controls in row H.

4. Biofilm Determination

1. Use a plate reader equipped with an incubation chamber and capable of taking kinetic fluorescence readings for detecting resazurin conversion. Set up a 24 hr kinetic fluorescence measurement using a 530 nm excitation and 590 nm emission.
2. Set the chamber temperature to 37 °C and have the plate read every 20 min. Set the plate reader to measure from the bottom of the plate according to manufacturer's instructions.
3. Prepare wash plate by adding 200 µl of PBS with a multichannel pipette to a sterile 96 well plate.
4. Prepare biofilm recovery medium by adding 400 µl of 0.8 mg/ml resazurin stock solution to 20 ml of CRPMI medium to a final concentration of 16 µg/ml resazurin.
   Note: Resazurin is a known skin irritant. Use a lab coat, splash goggles, and gloves while handling. CRPMI as the biofilm recovery media was used because it provides the lowest background signal, but it can be replaced by Mueller Hinton media if appropriate.
5. Add 150 µl of biofilm recovery medium with a multichannel pipette to each well of a fresh 96-well plate.
6. Transfer challenge plate from incubator into a biosafety cabinet and carefully remove plastic bag and sealing film.
7. Remove the peg-lid from the challenge plate and rinse off planktonic cells in PBS as described in 3.4. Keep the bottom of the challenge plate for subsequent OD₆₀₀ analysis (see 4.10).
8. After rinsing, place the peg-lid into the plate bottom containing the biofilm recovery medium.
9. Wrap the side of the plate with paraffin film, being careful not to obstruct the bottom of the perimeter wells. Immediately after wrapping the plate, place it on the plate reader and start a kinetic read over a 24 hr period by initiating the previously made resazurin kinetic protocol from step 4.1.
10. To quantify growth of planktonic cells that may or may not occur during challenge, read the OD₆₀₀ of the entire challenge plate bottom using a micro plate reader. Follow instructions given in step 3.8.
    Note: Carefully resuspend the content of each well as cells shedding off the biofilm tend to grow in clumps at the bottom of the well. Any bubbles within the well will strongly interfere with OD₆₀₀ readings and must be avoided or removed prior to the read.

Results

The resazurin assay is sensitive enough to reliably detect very few viable cells capable of replicating in drug free medium after challenge. In this methodology, we define the minimal biofilm eradicating concentration as the lowest concentration at which no resazurin conversion is seen within 24 hr. The resazurin assay relies on oxidative molecules found in metabolically active cells which convert the dye color from blue to pink. Dye conversion is thus an indicator of cell growth, and can...

Discussion

Here, we have described a modified biofilm assay for determining activity of tested inhibitors on S. aureus biofilms focusing on the metabolic state of biofilm associated cells. While the described biofilm initiation and challenge procedures mostly mimicked manufacturer recommendations, the use of resazurin dye to detect and quantify biofilm-associated cells that survive a 24 hr inhibitor challenge dramatically simplifies the recommended procedure of cell recovery (via water bath sonification) and subsequent enu...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Mueller-Hinton Medium	Oxoid	CM0405	Follow recommendations of manufacturer
RPMI-medium	Corning	17-105-CV
CRPMI	Ref 9		RPMI-1640 medium chelexed for 1 hr with Chelex 100 resin and then supplemented with 10% unchelexed RPMI-1640
Chelex 100 Resin	Bio Rad	142-2822
MBEC-plates	Innovotech	19111
Resazurin Sodium Salt	Sigma	R7017	800 µg/ml in DI water     Filter sterile
Micro Plate Shaking Platform	Heidolph Titramax 1000
Cytation 3 Plate Reader	Biotek
Gen5 software	Biotek		Recording and analysis of resazurin conversion
Neocuproine	Sigma	N1501	prepare 10 mM stock in 100% Ethanol, store at -80 ºC
Copper sulfate	Acros Organics	7758-99-8	prepare a 100 mM stock solution in water, store at 4 ºC
Cu-Neocuproine	Self-Made		Generated by mixing equal molarities of neocuproine and copper sulfate. Mix was diluted in CRPMI medium to desired concentration.
Gentamicin	Sigma	G3632-1G