A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Summary

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

Abstract

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray coating. These nanoparticles are produced by the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate on the surface of cereal protein (gliadin) molecules. Alkyl cyanoacrylate is a monomer that instantly polymerizes at RT when it is applied to the surface of materials. Its polymerization reaction is initiated by the trace amounts of weakly basic or nucleophilic species on the surface, including moisture. Once polymerized, the polymerized alkyl cyanoacrylates show a strong affinity with the object materials because nitrile groups are in the backbone of poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate). Proteins also work as initiator for this polymerization because they contain amine groups that can initiate the polymerization of cyanoacrylate. If aggregated protein is used as an initiator, protein aggregate is surrounded by the hydrophobic poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) chains after the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate. By controlling the experimental condition, particles in the nanometer range are produced. The produced nanoparticles readily adsorb to the surface of most materials including glass, metals, plastics, wood, leather, and fabrics. When the surface of a material is sprayed with the produced nanoparticle suspension and rinsed with water, the micellar structure of nanoparticle changes its conformation, and the hydrophilic proteins are exposed to the air. As a result, the nanoparticle-coated surface changes to hydrophilic.

Introduction

The goal of this article is to show the protocol for the preparation of nanoparticle suspension that modifies the wetting property of materials by a simple spray. The presented nanoparticle suspension is made from alkyl cyanoacrylate¹ and a cereal protein, gliadin^2,3. During the manufacturing process, protein aggregates are formed in aqueous ethanol⁴. Subsequent reaction with monomer (alkyl cyanoacrylate) produces the nanoparticle that is comprised of a protein core surrounded by linear polymer chains [poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)]⁵.

Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)s are biodegradable and have been used for the production of nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization⁶. This reaction is spontaneously initiated by the hydroxyl groups dissociated from water or by other nucleophilic groups in the reaction medium⁷. In the case of the reaction presented in this article, the amine groups on the surface of protein aggregates initiate the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers^5,8. As a result of this reaction, nanoparticles are formed in the reaction medium. The core of the nanoparticle is protein aggregates and the outer layer is poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) chains. The prepared nanoparticle has a strong affinity on most materials (more precisely, any material which PACA can adsorb to) and adheres onto their surface to form a thin coating on a nanometer scale. A simple spray coating instantly turns the surface of the materials hydrophilic.

Gliadin is one of the main fractions of gluten, which is in the endosperms of wheat. Gliadins are mainly monomeric proteins with molecular weights around 28,000 - 55,000. Non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds are responsible for the aggregation of gliadins². Although gliadin is chosen as a reactant in this article, many other proteins can also be used for the same purpose. However, the reaction condition needs to be modified accordingly because the condition for inducing aggregation is dependent on the type of protein to be employed⁸. Compared with other proteins, gliadin is more readily available, purification is simple, and production cost is low. Although ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) is chosen as a monomer for the presented reaction, other alkyl cyanoacrylates can also be used for the same reaction. The reason for choosing ECA is that it is readily available at low cost.

Protocol

1. Defatting Commercial Gliadin

1. Measure 150 ml of acetone with a graduated cylinder and pour into 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
   1. While stirring with a spin bar on a magnetic stirrer at RT, add 30 g of commercial gliadin powder. Seal the opening of flask with aluminum foil, and keep on stirring O/N in the hood.
2. Filtrate the solution with a filter paper.
   1. Wash the filtrate with fresh acetone (ca. 50 ml). Let stand for 10 min to allow the acetone to drain.
   2. Transfer the filtrate together with the filter paper underneath to a large dish such as a cell culture square dish. Cover the whole dish with a large filter paper to slow down the evaporation of residual acetone.
   3. Allow the filtrate to dry completely in the hood O/N. Store the defatted gliadin in an air-tight container at RT.

2. Preparation of Purified Gliadin

1. Measure 150 ml of water with a graduated cylinder and pour into 1,000 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
   1. Measure 350 ml of absolute ethanol with a mess cylinder and pour into the same 1,000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Stir vigorously (800 - 1,000 rpm) with a spin bar until no bubble is generated from the solution mixture.
2. While stirring, add 20 g of defatted-commercial gliadin powder. Add gliadin in small amounts at a time to avoid the formation of lumps that contains air in the middle. Keep on stirring O/N.
3. Transfer the whole solution to a 1,000 ml mess cylinder. Let stand for two days. During this time, impurities will be precipitated at the bottom of the cylinder.
4. Transfer the supernatant to a rotary evaporator with a pipette, and remove ethanol from the supernatant as much as possible. As the percentage of ethanol is reduced, gliadin will appear in the solution as aggregate.
5. Freeze the solution containing gliadin aggregates by immersing/rotating in methanol/dry ice mixture and freeze-dry at -70 °C under vacuum. Before freeze-drying, make sure the whole solution is frozen without any liquid.
   NOTE: The freeze-dried gliadin will form a porous solid.
6. Crush the freeze-dried gliadin with mortar and pestle, and grind with a coffee grinder to obtain a fine power (<0.5 mm). Transfer the product into an air-tight container and store at RT.

3. Polymerization Reaction of ECA with Gliadin

1. Place a scintillation vial (volume is around 20 ml) in a weighing balance, and tare. Add 3.2 g distilled water and 6.8 g absolute ethanol in the scitillation vial.
2. Move the scintillation vial on to a magnetic stirrer, put a magnetic spin bar (20 x 3 mm) into the vial, and stir vigorously (800 - 1,000 rpm) until no air bubble is generated from the aqueous ethanol mixture.
3. Add 40 µl of 4 N HCl into the vial while stirring. Add 20 mg of gliadin into the vial while stirring, and keep on stirring until gliadin powder is fully dissolved in the aqueous ethanol mixture.
4. After making sure the gliadin solution is clear to the naked eyes, slowly add 80 - 100 µl of ECA while stirring speed is still 800 - 1,000 rpm.
   1. Lower the stirring speed to 500 rpm, and continue stirring for 1 hr. As the reaction proceeds, observe turbidity which indicates that the polymerization reaction is in progress.
5. When the reaction is terminated, transfer the solution into centrifuge tubes, and balance the weight of the tubes. Centrifuge the reaction product at 10,000 x g for 20 min. During this time, side product precipitates and nanoparticles remain in the supernantant. The major component of side product is PACA homopolymer.
6. After the centrifuge, transfer the produced nanoparticle suspension (supernatant) with a pipette to a scintillation vial (or any air-tight container), and store it at RT.

4. Characterization of the Product

1. Prepare 10 g of 68 wt% aqueous ethanol by mixing 3.2 g water and 6.8 g absolute ethanol in 20 ml scintillation vial and stir until no bubble is generated from the solution mixture.
   1. Add 40 µl of 4 N HCl to the solution mixture while stirring. Add 50 µl of nanoparticle suspension to the prepared ethanol solution while stirring.
2. Measure the size of nanoparticle with Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) by using the sample solution prepared above and follow manufacturer's instructions.
   NOTE: The size of the final product has to be smaller than 200 nm. If it is larger than 200 nm, the product will not be stable for an extended period of time. Larger nanoparticles are produced when the employed ECA is not fresh.

5. Examination of the Product

1. Prepare a glass plate such as a hand mirror. Wash the surface of glass plate with soap water. Rinse the surface of glass plate with flowing water. Dry the cleaned surface or use without drying for the next step.
2. Spray the nanoparticle suspension obtained in 3.6) on a part of the glass plate, and rinse off the surface with flowing water immediately.
3. Spray pure water on the surface of glass plate. Observe the coated (sprayed with nanoparticle suspension) surface hold water layer while the uncoated surface is clear.

Results

Nanoparticles can be prepared in various reaction conditions. Gliadin forms aggregate in broad range of ethanol content⁵. However, the size of aggregates needs to be as small as possible because an additional layer (i.e., polymerized ECA) will be added to this aggregate and this process will make the final size larger. If the final size of particle is too large, the particle will be unstable and will easily be precipitated. Therefore, 68% aqueous ethanol was chosen as ...

Discussion

There are several critical steps in the production of the nanoparticle suspension. If the purified gliadin contains impurities, the reaction with ECA will produce side products. Although these unwanted products can be removed from the reaction medium during the centrifugation stage, it lowers the yield of the major product. If the gliadin solution prepared during experimental step 2.3) does not show clear separation between supernatant and precipitate after two days, the solution needs to stand for longer time. Using fre...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) monomer	K&R International (Laguna Niguel, CA)	I-1605	Any pure ECA can be used.
Gliadin	MGP Ingredients, Inc (Atchison, KS)	Gift from the company	Gliadin can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat #: G3375-25G). Instead of gliadin, any commercial  gluten can be used.
HCl	Any		Any reagent grade chemical can be used.
Acetone	Any		Any reagent grade chemical can be used.
Methanol	Any		Any reagent grade chemical can be used.
Ethanol (100%)	Any		Any reagent grade chemical can be used.
Filter paper	Any		Any grade filter paper larger than 10 cm can be used.
Cell culture square dish	Any		Any dish larger than 20 x 20 cm can be used.
Coffee grinder	Any		Any coffee grinder can be used.
Rotary evaporator	Any		Any rotary evaporator can be used.
Freeze Dryer	Any		Any freeze dryer that can reach -70 °C can be used.
Centrifuge	Any		Any centrifuge that can apply 1,000 x g can be used.
Magnetic stirrer	Any		Any magnetic stirrer that can turn spin bar to 1,000 rpm can be used.
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)	Brookhaven Instruments Corporation	NanoBrook Omni Zeta Potential Analyzer	DLS from any company can be used.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	Carl Zeiss Inc.		Any SEM can be used.
Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA)	Thermo Cahn Instruments		Any DCA can be used.