Mucin Agarose Gel Electrophoresis: Western Blotting for High-molecular-weight Glycoproteins

Summary

Mucins are high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates, with size ranging from 0.2 to 200 megadalton (MDa). As a result of their size, mucins do not penetrate conventional polyacrylamide gels and require larger pores for separation. We provide a detailed protocol for mucin agarose gel electrophoresis to assess relative quantification and study polymer assembly.

Abstract

Mucins, the heavily-glycosylated proteins lining mucosal surfaces, have evolved as a key component of innate defense by protecting the epithelium against invading pathogens. The main role of these macromolecules is to facilitate particle trapping and clearance while promoting lubrication of the mucosa. During protein synthesis, mucins undergo intense O-glycosylation and multimerization, which dramatically increase the mass and size of these molecules. These post-translational modifications are critical for the viscoelastic properties of mucus. As a result of the complex biochemical and biophysical nature of these molecules, working with mucins provides many challenges that cannot be overcome by conventional protein analysis methods. For instance, their high-molecular-weight prevents electrophoretic migration via regular polyacrylamide gels and their sticky nature causes adhesion to experimental tubing. However, investigating the role of mucins in health (e.g., maintaining mucosal integrity) and disease (e.g., hyperconcentration, mucostasis, cancer) has recently gained interest and mucins are being investigated as a therapeutic target. A better understanding of the production and function of mucin macromolecules may lead to novel pharmaceutical approaches, e.g., inhibitors of mucin granule exocytosis and/or mucolytic agents. Therefore, consistent and reliable protocols to investigate mucin biology are critical for scientific advancement. Here, we describe conventional methods to separate mucin macromolecules by electrophoresis using an agarose gel, transfer protein into nitrocellulose membrane, and detect signal with mucin-specific antibodies as well as infrared fluorescent gel reader. These techniques are widely applicable to determine mucin quantitation, multimerization and to test the effects of pharmacological compounds on mucins.

Introduction

Mucins are normally produced by mucosal surfaces that line cavities exposed to the external environment (e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts, ocular surface) as well as internal organs (e.g., pancreas, gallbladder, mammary glands). The presence of these glycoproteins maintains surface hydration and forms a physical barrier against pathogens. Although mucin production is essential to mucosal health, mucin hyperconcentration and/or aberrant mucus properties can lead to duct obstruction, bacterial colonization and chronic inflammation, which can cause irreversible tissue damage. A similar cascade of events are observed in several diseases, e.g., cystic fibrosis¹, chronic otitis media² and cervicovaginal infection³. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of mucins in health and disease and to establish routine protocols for protein identification.

To date, 19 mucins genes have been identified and encode for large polypeptide chains ranging from 1,200 (e.g., MUC1) to 22,000 (e.g., MUC16) amino acids. The mucin gene family can be divided into two subtypes: the membrane-associated mucins, involved in cell signaling and surface shielding, and the gel-forming mucins, responsible for the viscoelastic properties of mucus gels. Membrane-associated mucins are mostly monomeric and attach to the cell surfaces via a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain. In contrast, gel-forming mucins possess several von Willebrand factor (vWF)-like and cysteine-rich domains that are essential for the formation of dynamic polymeric networks. Large glycans are attached to serine and threonine residues distributed throughout the apomucin. These dense O-linked oligosaccharides can contribute up to 80% of the molecular weight⁴. Intra- and inter-molecular disulfide bonds connecting mucin monomers ensure the integrity of the mucin gel network. As a result of heavy glycosylation and multimerization, mucins are among the largest molecules in the animal world and cannot be analyzed by standard gel electrophoresis using conventional SDS-PAGE polyacrylamide gel and standard protein ladders. These methods resolve/separate proteins with molecular weights lower than 250 kDa while mucin monomers can reach up to 2 MDa in the case of MUC16. However, high-molecular-weight protein ladders can be used to study small mucin monomers (i.e., MUC1).

A variety of techniques can be applied to study mucin size, conformation and interaction. Traditionally, biochemical characterization of mucins is accomplished by mucin isolation via isopycnic density-gradient centrifugation in denaturing buffer, followed by size-exclusion chromatography and immunodetection (e.g., slot blotting)⁵. Dynamic and/or multi-angle light scattering provide information on the oligomeric state of mucin-rich samples¹. In addition, rate-zonal centrifugation coupled with immunodetection and transmission electron microscopy are commonly used to determine the macromolecular conformation of mucins⁶. Mass spectrometry is also used to quantify mucins, detect proteolytic cleavage and analyze oligosaccharide composition^1,7,8. Such techniques are costly, time consuming and often require large volumes and/or high concentrations of sample. The methodology described herein, i.e., mucin separation by electrophoresis, is reproducible, low cost and can be used in high-throughput studies to provide relative mucin quantitation and investigate polymer assembly. However, this assay requires high-affinity, high-specificity mucin antibodies that may not be available for rare mucins (e.g., MUC19) or certain species (e.g., pig, ferret).

Agarose Western blotting is suitable to resolve a wide variety of mucin-rich samples with concentrations ranging from 50 µg/ml (e.g., cell washes) to 5 mg/ml (e.g., sputum). This assay was introduced in the 1990s and was only performed in few specialized laboratories^9,10. Initially, this technique helped identify subpopulations of mucin monomers in human respiratory secretions^11,12 and confirmed the oligomerization process in goblet cells, which consists of dimer formation in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by dimer multimerization in the Golgi apparatus¹³. More recently, the generation of polyclonal antibodies against murine mucins facilitated studies on small animal models (e.g., mucin deficient, βENaC, OVA-challenged mouse models) and opened a new field of research for preclinical studies testing pharmacological compounds aimed at removing mucus from the lungs^14-17. As a result of an increasing interest in mucin biology and the generation of novel, more specific mucin antibodies, we describe herein the methodology to separate mucins by agarose gel electrophoresis, vacuum transfer to nitrocellulose and two-color infrared fluorescent detection.

Protocol

1. Prepare Buffers for Mucin Gel Western Blotting

1. Prepare 1 liter of 50x TAE (Tris-acetate-EDTA) buffer.
   1. In 700 ml of distilled water (dH₂O) add 242 g of Tris base (0.4 M), 57.1 g of glacial acetic acid (weigh liquid) (0.2 M) and 14.61 g of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (50 mM).
   2. Adjust pH to 8.0 and make the volume up to 1 liter with dH₂O.
2. Prepare 10 ml of 10x loading buffer.
   1. Prepare 5 ml of 1x TAE buffer. To do this, add 5 ml of glycerol (50%), 25 mg of bromophenol blue (0.25%), and 100 mg of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1%).
3. Prepare 2 liters of 20x sodium saline citrate (SSC) buffer.
   1. In 1.5 liters of dH₂O, add 350.6 g of NaCl (3 M) and 176.4 g of trisodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇) (0.3 M). Adjust pH to 7.0 and make up the volume to 2 liters with dH₂O.
4. Prepare 1 liter of 1x TAE-0.1% SDS buffer.
   1. Add 20 ml of 50x TAE to 980 ml of dH₂O. Add 1 g of SDS to make a 0.1% SDS-TAE solution.

2. TAE-SDS Agarose Gel Preparation

1. Pour sufficient volume (i.e., 150 ml) of 1x TAE-0.1% SDS buffer in a microwavable Erlenmeyer flask to make a 5 - 7 mm-thick gel. Add 0.8% (1.2 g) agarose powder.
2. Microwave flask in 30 sec intervals with intermittent swirling until agarose is completely dissolved (usually 1 - 3 min). Use hot hand pads during this process. Be careful of eruptive boiling while swirling.
3. Allow the agarose solution to cool down for 5 - 10 min. Note: The agarose solution will be ready to be poured when bottom of the flask can be left on the palm for 5 sec.
4. Prepare electrophoresis casting tray (10 x 15 cm) by sealing the edges with tape and placing well comb in position.
5. Pour agarose solution slowly in the casting tray to avoid the formation of bubbles. Remove bubbles using a pipette tip. Wait for the gel to cool and completely solidify. Once solidified, remove the comb slowly to avoid collapsing the wells by suction and remove the tape from the edges of the tray.
6. Place agarose gel into the gel box and fill the electrophoresis unit with 1x TAE-0.1% SDS buffer until the gel is fully covered.

3. Sample Loading and Electrophoresis Separation

Note: In our laboratory, we commonly use samples from both mouse and humans, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; both species), cell washings from human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE), and human saliva and sputum samples. Samples can be denatured in 6 M urea upon collection or stored for short periods of time (6 hr) by adding proteinase cocktail inhibitor. 

1. Prepare samples for loading by adding 10% of loading dye to each sample (i.e., 30 µl of sample and 3 µl of dye). Homogenize samples by pipetting up and down. Briefly spin down tubes at 5,000 rpm to collect droplets.
2. Carefully load equal volume of samples into the wells.
   1. Pre-wet tips and/or use positive displacement pipettes to facilitate loading of highly viscous samples. Slowly aspirate 80 - 90% of sample-dye solution (i.e., 27 - 30 µl) to avoid pipetting bubbles.
   2. Slowly load at the bottom of the wells and progressively move the pipet tip upward. For samples that remain attached to the pipette tip, dispense at a 45° angle and elongate straight above the well or gently use the side of the well to break the stringy mucus. Do not overload the wells.
3. Connect the electrodes from the gel box to the electrophoresis power generator. Ensure the electrodes are connected properly (i.e., red lead plugged to the positive output of the generator) to allow negatively charged mucins to run towards the positive electrode.
4. Run the gel at 80 Volts for 90 min for a single comb gel, or 60 - 75 min for a double comb gel to prevent overlap between the two rows.
5. Turn generator power OFF and disconnect the electrodes from the power source.
6. Carefully remove the gel from the gel box with one hand on either side of the casting tray to ensure the gel remains in place.

4. Reduce Agarose Gel for Efficient Mucin Transfer

1. Carefully place the gel flat in a glass container. Rinse the gel with dH₂O to remove traces of TAE-SDS buffer.
2. Prepare 1 liter of 4x SSC buffer by adding 200 ml of 20x SSC into 800 ml of dH₂O. Make 200 ml of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) 4x SSC solution by adding 309 mg of fresh DTT into 200 ml of 4x SSC buffer.
3. Soak the gel with DTT-4x SSC buffer and cover. Gently rock for 20 min (10 rotations per minute). Rinse gel with DTT-free 4x SSC buffer.

5. Vacuum Blotter Assembly and Sample Transfer to a Nitrocellulose Membrane

1. Prepare vacuum blotter for transfer.
   1. Carefully cut nitrocellulose membrane at dimensions slightly wider than the gel (i.e., 10 x 15 cm).
   2. Wet porous mat with dH₂O and place it smooth-side-up in the blotter.
   3. Wet nitrocellulose membrane with DTT-free 4x SSC buffer and place it at the center of the porous mat.
   4. Cover the porous mat with the rubber gasket, leaving the opening of the gasket precisely aligned with the nitrocellulose membrane. If porous mat is still visible, carefully adjust the membrane to ensure no gap remains between gasket and membrane.
2. Carefully place the agarose gel on top of the membrane. Ensure gel forms a tight seal with the gasket and the wells of the gel are positioned on the membrane for transfer.
   1. Avoid the formation of bubbles between the membrane and the gel. To minimize the formation of bubbles, squirt few drops of 4x SSC buffer on the membrane and slide the gel from top to bottom to flush any formed bubbles. Avoid moving the gel on the membrane as proteins will begin to blot immediately.
3. Carefully cover the gel with 4x SSC buffer.
4. Begin mucin transfer by suction.
   1. Turn vacuum blotter ON and set pressure at 40 - 50 mBar. Add a few drops of 4x SSC buffer on the gel every 5 - 10 min to prevent the gel from drying out. Run transfer for 90 min. Optional: Upon completion, mark the wells with a pencil for orientation.
5. Dispose of the gel and retrieve nitrocellulose membrane using plastic tweezers on the edge of the membrane.

6. Membrane Blocking and Detection

1. Rinse membrane immediately with 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Do not let the membrane dry out.
2. Immerse the membrane into 50 ml of 3% milk-PBS blocking buffer and place on a rocker at room temperature for 1 hr. After incubation, discard the blocking buffer.
3. Immerse membrane in 1% milk-PBS primary antibody solution. Incubate the membrane in the primary antibody solution overnight on a rocker at 4 °C. After incubation, discard the primary antibody solution. Dilute the primary antibodies to a 1:2,000 ratio of antibody solution to blocking buffer. Note: For samples originating from mice, we use UNC 222 rabbit anti-Muc5b and goat anti-Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). For samples originating from humans, we use H300 anti-MUC5B and 45M1 anti-MUC5AC primary antibodies.
4. Wash membrane 3 times with PBS for 10 min on a rocker.
5. Immerse membrane in 1% milk-PBS secondary antibody solution. Dilute the secondary antibodies to a 1:7,500 ratio of antibody solution to blocking buffer (e.g., 700 anti-rabbit and 680 anti-goat) and incubate at room temperature for 1 hr on a rocker. Protect from light by incubating in a non-transparent container. Discard the secondary antibody solution after 1 hr.
6. Wash membrane 3 times with PBS for 5 min. Rinse membrane with dH₂O to remove salt.
7. Read the membrane on an infrared fluorescence system according to manufacturer's instructions.

Results

We show representative results of mucin expression following agarose gel electrophoresis in BALF from the lungs of mice (Figure 1). In this example, we used the agarose gel to show upregulation of mucin production following IL-13 treatment of the Tg-Muc5ac mouse model. The Western blot shows a visual representation of mucin expression, which can be used for a quantitative analysis of multimer or monomer band signal intensity (Figure 2). This method can al...

Discussion

The protocol of mucin Western blotting described in this video combines conventional techniques used in molecular biology to separate and transfer large macromolecules, such as DNA, with regular techniques for protein detection, i.e., immunoblotting. The same technique could be applied to study the biology of complex glycosaminoglycans, such as the breakdown of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid¹⁸. Although this technique could be used in a broad range of assays, successful agarose Western blotting...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Tris Base	Sigma	T6060-1kg	1 kg
Glacial Acetic Acid	Sigma	ARK2183-1L	1 L
EDTA	Sigma	EDS-100g	100 g
Glycerol	Fisher	BP229-1	1 L
Bromophenol Blue	Sigma	114391-5g	5 g
SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate)	Sigma	L6026-50g	50 g
20x SSC (Sodium Saline Citrate) Buffer	Promega	V4261	1 L
NaCl	Fisher	S271-1	1 kg
Trisodium Citrate (Na3C6H5O7)	Sigma	W302600-1kg	1 kg
10 mM DTT (dithiothreitol)	Sigma	D0632	25 g
Milk Powder	Saco		Instant non-fat dry milk
Dulbecco Phosphate Buffered Saline (D-PBS)	Gibco lifetechnologies	14200-025	500 ml
Anti-GFP Goat Primary Antibody (mouse samples)	Rockland antibodies and assays	600-101-215	1 mg
UNC 222 Anti-Muc5b Rabbit Primary Antibody (mouse samples)	UNC
H300 Anti-MUC5B Primary Antibodies (human samples)	Santa Cruz	sc-20119	200 μg
45M1 Anti-MUC5AC Primary Antibodies (human samples)	Abcam	ab3649	100 μg
Donkey Anti-rabbit 800CW IR Dye	LI-COR Biosciences	926-32213	0.5 mg
Donkey Anti-mouse 680LT IR Dye	LI-COR Biosciences	926-68022	0.5 mg
Electrophoresis Gel Box and Casting Tray	Owl Seperation Systems
Power Supply Box	Biorad	Model 200/20
Membrane Blotting Paper	Amersham	10600016
Whatman Paper and Nitrocellulose membrane	GE	10 439 196
Boekel/Appligene Vacuum Blotter 230 v	Expotech USA	230600-2
Odyssey Infrared Fluorescence System	LI-COR Biosciences