A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

Summary

This article describes a technique for applying vibrotactile stimuli to the thigh of a human participant, and measuring the accuracy and reaction time of the participant's volitional response for various combinations of stimulation location and frequency.

Abstract

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) systems can be used to compensate for lost proprioception in individuals with lower-limb impairments. Effective design of these ASF systems requires an in-depth understanding of how the parameters of specific feedback mechanism affect user perception and reaction to stimuli. This article presents a method for applying vibrotactile stimuli to human participants and measuring their response. Rotating mass vibratory motors are placed at pre-defined locations on the participant's thigh, and controlled through custom hardware and software. The speed and accuracy of participants' volitional responses to vibrotactile stimuli are measured for researcher-specified combinations of motor placement and vibration frequency. While the protocol described here uses push-buttons to collect a simple binary response to the vibrotactile stimuli, the technique can be extended to other response mechanisms using inertial measurement units or pressure sensors to measure joint angle and weight bearing ratios, respectively. Similarly, the application of vibrotactile stimuli can be explored for body segments other than the thigh.

Introduction

Artificial sensory feedback (ASF) can be defined as the practice of providing real-time biological information to individuals, often compensating for compromised proprioception or other sensory mechanism. ASF has been long used in the realm of rehabilitation of injured or disabled persons to assist in recovering of aspects of physical function and movement^1-3, allowing individuals to control physical processes that once were an involuntary response of the autonomic nervous system⁴. A subcategory of ASF, biomechanical biofeedback, uses external sensors to measure parameters relating to balance or gait kinematics, and communic....

Protocol

The following protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board at Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital.

1. Motor Calibration

1. Connect the microcontroller board to the computer using an USB port.
2. Using the original microcontroller software, upload the custom script, "Motor_and_AccelerometerTest.ino" to the board using the USB connection by clicking the "Upload" icon, denoted by the circled right arrow.
   1. Ensure that the vibration level is set to zero to put the motor in the off-position using the "analogWrite" command. The code should read "analogWrite(vibe1,0);".
   2. In the microcontroller code, specify ....

Results

Figure 4 illustrates the calibration curves identifying the PWM value for a 180 Hz vibration frequency of a single motor. Starting at a 50% duty cycle, the PWM values are iterated until the primary frequency spike occurs at 180 Hz. Successful calibration trials should show a clear spike at the primary vibration frequency. Poor fixation of the accelerometer to the motor, or of the motor to a support surface may result in a more diffuse FFT without a clear spike. In this situation, the calibration trial sh.......

Discussion

The purpose of this protocol is to provide the framework for evaluating stimulation parameters in vibrotactile ASF applications. Specifically, it examines the effects of vibration frequency, amplitude, location, and sequence on user sensorimotor response. This framework can be built upon and expanded to incorporate additional or alternative types of user response that may be more clinically relevant, such as bending a joint or shifting weight from one leg to another. These types of changes would require slightly differen.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Vibrating Pager Motors	Precision Microdrives	Model 310-101	Coin eccentric rotating mass motors.  As many as necessary to test all locations and interactions of interest
Tri-axis Accelerometer	Dimension Engineering	ADXL 335	Advanced analog accelerometer. 500 Hz bandwidth, 3.5-15 V input. Designed for motion, tilt, and slope measurement, as well as vibration and shock sensing.
Arduino Uno	Arduino	DEV-11021	Microcontroller board for communicating with the tri-axis accelerometer
Arduion Mega 2560	Arduino	DEV-11061	Microcontroller board for interfacing with the vibration motors.
LabVIEW	National Instruments		Data acquisition software used to control motors and display accelerometer signals
Arduino IDE Software	Arduino	v. 1.6.5
Push-Button	Bridges	Buddy Button	Wired switch featuring a 2.5 in/6.35 cm activation surface that provides an auditory click and tactile feedback.
Optional:
Dedicated haptic motor driver	Texas Instruments	DRV2605L	Can be used to replace the entire amplification circuit described in Step 1.
Flexible wearable goniometer	Biometrics Ltd.	SG110	Twin axis flexible goniometers to measure angles in up to two planes of movement that can be used in lieu of the push button to measure joint movement in response to stimuli. www.biometricsltd.com/gonio.htm