A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

Summary

This paper presents an impedance-based apparatus for evaporation rate detection of solutions. It offers clear advantages over a conventional weight loss approach: a fast response, high-sensitivity detection, a small sample requirement, multiple sample measurements, and easy disassembly for cleaning and reuse purposes.

Abstract

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was employed here for demonstration purposes. Multiple evaporation tests on the model compound as a humectant with various concentrations in solutions were conducted for comparison purposes. A conventional weight loss approach is known as the most straightforward, but time-consuming, measurement technique for evaporation rate detection. Yet, a clear disadvantage is that a large volume of sample is required and multiple sample tests cannot be conducted at the same time. For the first time in literature, an electrical impedance sensing chip is successfully applied to a real-time evaporation investigation in a time sharing, continuous and automatic manner. Moreover, as little as 0.5 ml of test samples is required in this impedance-based apparatus, and a large impedance variation is demonstrated among various dilute solutions. The proposed high-sensitivity and fast-response impedance sensing system is found to outperform a conventional weight loss approach in terms of evaporation rate detection.

Introduction

Evaporation is a type of liquid vaporization and occurs along the gas-liquid interface of a collective body of water. The water molecules near the surface become capable of escaping from the liquid due to collision of water molecules. The evaporation rate is an important key factor during the process of evaporation. Generally, a balance or volumetric tube^1-3 is widely-used to detect the evaporation of solutions. However, it takes a long time to measure the evaporation rate due to the precision limitation of a balance or a volumetric tube. For this reason, a responsive and high-sensitivity instrument must be developed to probe into the details of the evaporation process.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a fast-response, sensitive and effective experimental means in terms of in-situ impedance detection for electrochemical system characterization⁴. Therefore, EIS can be applied in various fields, such as recent studies on cellular behavior⁵, bioanalytical sensing^6-7, electrolysis⁸, conducting polymers⁹, and electrochemical extraction¹⁰. Even though EIS systems had successfully been applied in a wide variety of disciplines, there exist an extremely small number of publications on its application to evaporation research.

Hyaluronic acid, a high molecular weight polysaccharide with strong water-binding potential, is a well-known humectant for cosmetic applications. One hyaluronic acid molecule can bind up to 500 water molecules¹¹ and reach 1,000 times its original volume¹². An extremely small amount of hyaluronic acid can possess moisturizing function^13-14. Due to the high moisture retention, hyaluronic acid has become an important component of cosmetic humectant products with high commercial value worldwide¹⁵.

This study presents the method of a novel impedance-based apparatus featuring high speed detection, small volume sample requirement, and multiple sample measurements^16-19. It is presented with a focus on the relative evaporation rate comparison among solutions as a way to validate the superiority of the innovative detection mechanism over a conventional weighing manner.

Protocol

1. Experimental Chip Module

1. Fabricate the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode chip by photolithography and chemical wet etching processes
   1. Obtain an ITO substrate (370 mm x 480 mm x 0.5 mm (L x W x H)) with a 2,600 Å ITO layer commercially (See Materials List). Slice the ITO substrate to the dimensions of 90 mm x 90 mm x 0.5 mm with a glass cutter for the ITO electrode patterning process in a 4 inch aligner.
   2. Use an ultrasonic cleaner to clean the ITO glass with acetone and then with deionized water, for 15 min each. Dry the ITO glass with clean dry air.
   3. Dispense 5 ml of positive photoresist solution onto the surface of the ITO glass.
   4. Use spin coater at 500 x g for 30 sec to produce a uniform photoresist layer. Then bake on a hotplate at 90 °C for 5 min to drive off excess solvent in the photoresist.
   5. Expose the ITO glass to 14 mW of ultraviolet light at 436 nm for 3.1 sec through a film photomask with the designed pattern (See Materials List).
   6. Immerse the sample in 60 ml development solution at 23 °C for 30 sec to develop the patterned routes. Then bake on a hotplate at 120 °C for 10 min to harden the photoresist and improve photoresist adhesion.
   7. Immerse the sample for 3 min in 60 ml etching solution at 80 °C to etch the unprotected ITO layer.
   8. Immerse the sample for 1 min in 60 ml acetone to remove photoresist on surface of the ITO glass.
   9. Slice the ITO glass into the dimensions of 62 mm x 35 mm for the experimental ITO electrode chip (Figure 1) with a glass cutter.

Figure 1: ITO electrode chip. The fabricated ITO chip with 8 pairs of electrode-patterned routes is shown. There are 15 electrodes measuring 2 mm x 8 mm at the side edge, and the central two routes share the same electrode. The distance between each pair of electrode fingers in a test well is 7 mm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

2. Construct the experimental chip module
   1. Clean the commercial 8-well silicone array with an ultrasonic cleaner as shown in Figure 2 with detergent, then deionized water, then 95% ethanol, and then deionized water, for 15 min each.
   2. Dry the 8-well silicone array by blowing clean dry air.
   3. Press the 8-well silicone array into the ITO chip in order to form the experimental chip module (Figure 3). Tightly bind the silicone array and ITO chip.

Figure 2: Silicone well array. The commercial 8-well silicone array can hold 8 tested samples simultaneously. The size of each well is 11 mm x 8 mm x 8.5 mm (L x W x H). Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3: Experimental chip module. The ITO electrode chip is attached with the 8-well silicone array to form the experimental chip module. The adhesion between the silicone array and the ITO chip is strong. Therefore, the silicone array and the ITO chip can bond together for use without any adhesive substance. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

2. Impedance Measurement

1. Connect the personal computer, lock-in amplifier, and switch relay to form the impedance readout module as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Schematic of the impedance-based apparatus. The lock-in amplifier, switch relay, and personal computer comprise the impedance readout module. The commercial phase-sensitive lock-in amplifier is used to send and extract the electrical signals. The homemade switch relay circuit connecting various ITO chips is used to specify which well and which ITO chip to be tested. A total of 6 chips can be connected to the switch relay specifying 48 samples in a time sharing manner. The real-time in-phase resistance and the signal phase shift of the tested solution are recorded continuously on a personal computer for the whole evaporation process. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

2. Put the experimental chip module into the socket of the switch relay.
3. Input parameters in the computer program. Input the signal frequency (1 kHz), the specified well number (0-7), the execution cycle (100), and the filename (HA).

3. Evaporation Experiments

1. Prepare four 2.5 ml hyaluronic acid solutions at 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 1 w/v% in water. Place each 2.5 ml sample solution in a vial measuring 14.75 mm x 45 mm x 8 mm (O.D. x H x I.D.).
2. For each solution, add 0.5 ml sample solution to a single well of the ITO chip module.
3. Weigh and record the initial weight of each vial by the electronic balance machine.
4. Execute the computer program to automatically measure and record the real-time in-phase resistance and the signal phase shift of specified wells on the ITO chip.
5. Start the evaporation experiments simultaneously in the same place by both the weighing method and impedance method.
6. Weigh and record the weight of each vial by the electronic balance machine at scheduled time points.
7. Analyze collected data in the weighing method and impedance method.¹⁹

Results

During the evaporation process, the conductive ions in the tested solution became concentrated with the decreasing solution volume, and the impedance of this solution decreased. The rates of weight loss and impedance decrease in the evaporation progress for each tested solution were measured. For comparison purposes, the data in the rates of weight loss and impedance decrease were normalized to water and then plotted together in Figure 5. As illustrated in Figure 5, the weight loss demon...

Discussion

The critical step for evaporation measurement in this impedance-based detection is the preparation of the tested solutions. Deionized water cannot be used due to its enormous impedance. Instead, tap water containing conductive ions was used to prepare hyaluronic acid solutions for experiments. However, the electrical properties of tap water were not constant for use. Therefore, normalization, such as the relative evaporation rate to water in this study, was adopted as an alternative index for...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
95% ethanol	Echo Chemical Co., Ltd., Miaoli, Taiwan	484000001103C-00EC
Acetone	Avantor Performance Materials Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA	JTB-9005-68
Development solution	Kemitek Industrial Crop., Hsinchu, Taiwan	12F01031	KTD-1
Etching solution	eSolv Technology Co., Taipei, Taiwan		EG-462
Hyaluronic acid	Shandong Freda Biopharm Co., Ltd., Jinan, China	1010212	Molecular weight 980k, Cosmetic Grade
Photoresist solution	AZ Electronic Materials Taiwan Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan	65101M19	AZ6112
8-well silicone array	Greiner bio-one Inc., Frickenhausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany	FlexiPERM
ITO glass	GemTech Optoelectronics Co., Taoyuan, Taiwan
Vial	Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC., St. Louis, MO, USA	854190
Film photomask	Taiwan Mesh Co., Ltd, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Lock-in amplifier	Stanford Research Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA	SR830
Switch relay	Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Electronic balance machine	Radwag Inc., Radom, Poland	AS 60/220/C/2