Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Endocervical Gamma Delta T Cells

Summary

We describe here an isolation method to obtain human endocervical intraepithelial lymphocytes for the analysis of intraepithelial gamma delta T cells. This protocol can be extended for the purification of endocervical gamma delta T cells by magnetic beads or by cell sorting.

Abstract

The female reproductive tract (FRT) mucosal immune system serves as the first line of defense. Better knowledge of the genital mucosa is therefore essential for understanding pathogenicity of different pathogens including HIV. Gamma delta (GD) T cells are the prototype of 'unconventional' T cells and represent a relatively small subset of T cells defined by their expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of gamma and delta chains. This sets them apart from the classical and much better known CD4⁺ helper T cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells that are defined by alpha-beta TCRs. GD T cells often show tissue-specific localization and are enriched in epithelium. GD T cells orchestrate immune responses in inflammation, tumor surveillance, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.

Here, we present a method to reproducibly isolate and analyze human endocervical intraepithelial GD T lymphocytes. We have used endocervical cytobrush samples from women participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Infection Study (WIHS). Knowledge about GD T cells interactions during conditions in which there is an insult to the vaginal mucosal could be applied to any clinical study in which mucosal vulnerability is addressed, including the development of vaginal microbicides.In addition, knowledge about mucosal GD T cell responses has potential for application of GD T cell-based immune therapy in treating infectious diseases.

Introduction

We developed methodology of using endocervical brush samples to evaluate intraepithelial GD T cells. The endocervical canal is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium. Intraepithelial lymphocytes represent frontline lymphocytes residing within the epithelial layer that can rapidly initiate immune responses upon encountering pathogenic microbes^7,8. Understanding the immunological events of endocervical intraepithelial compartment is important for the design of effective strategies to prevent infections, including HIV.

Our method can be applied for freshly collected human endocervical samples as well as frozen endocervical cells to further explore the role of intraepithelial GD T cells in women with HIV infection or at risk for HIV infection. The main goal of this protocol is to discover novel immunological events in endocervical intraepithelial compartment and to evaluate GD T cell responses as a marker of mucosal vulnerability in women with HIV infection.

The substantial gaps in knowledge around FGT immunity are partially due to the difficulty in successfully collecting and processing mucosal samples. Furthermore, the complex heterogeneity of mucosal immune cells, and their interconnectedness with each other, are major challenges to identifying clinically relevant measurements that reflect the state and capability of the immune system. We developed a method to obtain highly purified intraepithelial GD T cells that can be further analyzed using highly multiplexed, single-cell technologies that may be critical for identifying the underlying mechanisms of FRT immunity.

Protocol

Study activities took place at University of Miami HIV Research Unit in collaboration with the Miami Women's HIV Interagency Study (WIHS) and the Miami Center for AIDS Research (CFAR).Institutional Review Board (University of Miami Miller School of Medicine) approval was obtained prior to recruitment and any assessment or study related procedures.

1. Endocervical Brush Sample Collection

NOTE: Participants underwent a vaginal examination performed by trained MD or gynecologist and collection of intraepithelial lymphocytes were performed under speculum examination by inserting cytobrush.

1. Participant characteristics
   1. Recruit women participants who are aged 18 to 45 years of age, sexually active, not pregnant and not on contraceptive medications or with an intrauterine device.
   2. Before vaginal examination, have participants undergo a 10 mL blood draw in green top heparin vacutainers for peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation. to serve as a control for endocervical intraepithelial analysis⁹.
2. Collection of the endocervical samples
   1. Insert a sterile speculum of appropriate size into the vagina without lubrication. Use a warm water to facilitate insertion of the speculum and sterile gauze to clean the mucus. The position of the speculum allows for complete visualization of the os and ectocervix.
   2. Insert endocervical brush into the endocervical canal until only the bristles closest to the hand are visible. Rotate the brush clockwise for 360°. Transfer the brush into a 15 mL tube containing 5 ml of IMDM medium.
   3. Immediately after collection, place the tube containing cytobrush on ice. To obtain high viability of collected intraepithelial cells, deliver the cytobrush to the lab and process within 1 h.

2. Endocervical Cytobrush Sample Processing

1. Vortex tube containing endocervical cytobrush applying 4 short (10 sec) strokes.
2. Centrifuge the tube, containing cytobrush, for 10 min at 250 x g.
3. Carefully remove the cytobrush from the tube (do not disturb the pellet on the bottom of the tube) and add 1 mL of IMDM media and place the tube on ice.
4. Place the cytobrush on the 100 mm cell strainer on top of the 50 ml tube.
5. Wash the cytobrush with 20 ml IMDM.
6. Centrifuge tube for 10 min at 250 x g.
7. Decant the supernatant and pelleted cells resuspend in 1 mL IMDM and combine with the already re-suspended pellet described in 2.3.
8. Count the cells using an automated cell counter¹⁰ or count the cells using hemocytometer by combining 10 µL of the cell suspension with 10 µL of trypan blue dye. Gently pipet up and down ten times to mix the cells and dye. Load 10 µL of the mixture into the opening of either of the two hemocytometer chambers. Count all the cells in the five grid areas. Keep a separate count of the viable and non-viable cells. Determine the cell viability using the following formula: % Viable cells = Non-viable cells x 100/total cell number cells.
   Determine the subsequent cell concentration per ml (and the total number of cells) using the following calculations. Total Cells per ml = total cells counted x (dilution factor/ number of counted square) x 10,000 cells/ml.
9. Freeze isolated endocervical cells using freezing medium containing 10% DMSO and 90% FBS.

3. Flow Cytometry

1. Re-suspend 1-3 x 10⁵ endocervical cells in 100 μL FACS buffer (PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin
2. Add 1 μL/10⁶ LIVE/DEAD Fixable Yellow Dead Cell Stain kit and antibodies for surface markers at the concentrations described in Table 1.
3. Incubate the cells for 30 min at +4 °C , protected from light.
4. Add 1 mL FACS buffer and the cells and centrifuge tubes for 5 min at 350 x g
5. Re-suspend cell pellet in 300 μL 1% paraformaldehyde.
6. Prepare compensation controls using beads and antibodies used for staining by adding 100 μL of FACS buffer and one drop of the beads and the same concentration of the antibodies used for sample staining.
7. Acquire stained beads and samples on a flow cytometer, equipped with 405 nm, 488 nm, and 635 nm lasers.

4. Endocervical Gamma delta T Cell Isolation

1. Magnetic bead isolation
   1. Re-suspend endocervical cell pellet (≤10⁷ total cells), described in 2.6, in 40 µL of buffer included in the TCR gamma delta microbead kit referenced in the Table of Materials and Reagents.
   2. Follow the kit instructions for two-step staining protocol: first, with anti-TCR gamma delta Hapten-Antibody and second, with anti-hapten microbeads-FITC
   3. After incubation of 15 min at 4-8 °C, wash the cells by adding 1 mL of buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min. Decant the supernatant by inverting the tube, and tap dry with the help of a piece of paper.
   4. Re-suspend the cell pellet in 500 μL of provided buffer and prepare the magnetic column by placing it in appropriate magnetic separator according to the vendor's protocol.
   5. Apply cell suspension onto the column and collect unlabeled cells which pass through and wash column 3x with appropriate amount of buffer (500 µL). Perform washing steps by adding buffer three times, each time once the column reservoir is empty. Collect total effluent. This is the unlabeled, negative cell fraction
   6. Remove the column form the magnetic separator and pipette 1 ml of buffer onto the column and immediately flush out fraction with the magnetically labeled cells by firmly applying the plunger supplied with the column.
      NOTE: Isolated gamma delta T cell are already fluorescently stained for flow-cytometric analysis since magnetically labeled Anti-Hapten microbeads are conjugated with fluorescent dye FITC.
2. Cell sorting
   1. For cell sorting, label endocervical cells with viability die and antibody panel as described in section 3.
   2. Set up electronic gates on the live, CD45⁺ CD3⁺ and gamma delta positive cells and perform cell sorting.

Results

Recently, we analyzed endocervical intraepithelial GD T cells and we were the first one to report about the loss of endocervical gamma delta T cells in HIV infected women^9,11. Here, we describe the protocol to isolate and analyze the subset of endocervical gamma delta T cells. As shown in Figure 1, GD T cells can be readily detected in the human endocervical cell samples.

Discussion

Assessment of female lower genital tract mucosal vulnerability is an essential component of clinical studies addressing risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. Typically FGT vulnerability to HIV infection is evaluated by measuring soluble immune modulators in genital secretions (cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides)^12,13. However, these biomarkers are only indicative of vaginal inflammation, are affected by physiological and pathological events, and...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Cytobrush Plus GT	(CareFusion, San Diego, CA, USA
IMDM,Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium	ThermoFisher Scientific	12440061
Beckman Coulter automated cell counter (The Vi-CELL Series Cell Viability Analyzer	Beckman Coulter	496178
DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide	Sigma Aldrich	D2650
FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum	Invitrogen, Gibco	26140-079
PBS	Invitrogen, Gibco	10010023
BSA	Sigma Aldrich	A-9647
LIVE/DEAD Fixable Yellow Dead Cell Stain kit	Life Technologies,	L349S9
1% paraformaldehyde	Sigma Aldrich	D6148
Fortessa flow cytometer	Becton Dickinson
UltraComp eBeads	eBioscience	01-2222-42
ArC Amine Reactive Compensation Beads (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA)	Life Technologies	A10346
anti-TCR gamma/delta MicroBead Kit	Milteny Miltenyi Biotec Inc.	130-050-701
MS column		103-042-201
MACS separator		4124