Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Summary

Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

Abstract

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).

Introduction

Various phenomena observed in nature and daily life are linked to gas-liquid phase equilibriums. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in soft and alcoholic drinks under elevated pressure. When a bottle of such a fizzy drink is opened, the pressure drops down, and gas bubbles rush to the liquid surface. In this case, effervescence improves organoleptic properties of beverages. The release of gas bubbles is also the main cause of decompression sickness ("the bends")¹. Due to sudden decompression, bubbles form in divers' bodies. The persons suffering from the decompression sickness are treated in hyperbaric chambers.

Gas bubbles have various applications in analytical chemistry. Notably, sparging methods rely on passing gas bubbles through liquid samples to extract volatile compounds². For example, a method called "purge-closed loop" is combined with gas chromatography to enable rapid analysis of dissolved volatiles³. While sparging can continuously extract volatiles over time, it does not confine them in space or time. The released gas-phase species need to be trapped, and-in some cases-concentrated by applying a temperature program or using sorbents. Thus, there is a need to introduce new on-line sample treatment strategies, which could reduce the number of steps, and-at the same time-concentrate volatile analytes in space or time.

To address the challenge of extracting volatile compounds from liquid samples, and performing analysis on-line, we recently introduced "fizzy extraction"⁴. This new technique takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. Briefly, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is first dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Then, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. The sudden decompression leads to formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the mass spectrometer, producing signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species is confined to a short period of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios.

The pressures involved in the fizzy extraction process are very low (~150 kPa)⁴; much lower than in supercritical fluid extraction⁵ (e.g., ≥10 MPa). The technique does not require the use of any special consumable items (columns, cartridges). Only small volumes of solvents are used for dilution and cleaning. The extraction device can be assembled by chemists with medium technical skills using widely available parts⁴; for example, open-source electronic modules^6,7. Fizzy extraction can be coupled on-line with modern mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. Because gas-phase extracts are transferred to the ion source, operation of fizzy extraction does not substantially contaminate vulnerable parts of the mass spectrometer.

The purpose of this visualized experiment article is to guide the viewers on how to implement fizzy extraction in a simple analytical task. While the core of the fizzy extraction system is as described in our previous report⁴, several improvements have been introduced to make the operation more straightforward. A microcontroller equipped with an LCD screen shield has been incorporated into the system to display the key extraction parameters in real time. All the functions are programmed in the microcontroller scripts, and there is no longer a need to use an external computer to control the extraction system.

Protocol

This protocol assumes that all the steps are performed according to the relevant laboratory safety regulations. Some of the steps use commercial instruments - in those cases, manufacturer guidelines need to be followed. When handling toxic chemicals, MSDS guidelines need to be followed. The custom-made equipment⁴ must be operated cautiously; especially, when handling pressurized gases and live electric wiring.

1. Preparation of Standard Solution

1. Prepare 6.2 x 10^-2 M stock solution of limonene in ethanol by mixing 10 µL limonene with 990 µL ethanol.
2. Prepare 10 mL of 6.2 x 10^-5 M limonene solution by mixing 10 µL 6.2 x 10^-2 limonene, 490 µL ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.
3. Transfer the prepared standard solution to a 20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap. The diluted standard solution can be used for testing the system.

2. Preparation of Real Sample

1. Obtain lime juice by squeezing fresh lime fruit (cut in half) on a kitchen squeezer.
2. Prepare 10 mL of diluted lime juice by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 500 µL ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.
3. Transfer the prepared sample to a 20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap.

3. Spiking the Real Sample with Standard Solution

1. First standard addition: Prepare 10 mL of spiked sample by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 10 µL 6.2 x 10^-2 M limonene solution, 490 µL ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.
2. Second standard addition: Prepare 10 mL of spiked sample by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 20 µL 6.2 x 10^-2 M limonene solution, 480 µL ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.

4. Setting Up the Fizzy Extraction System

1. Put the fizzy extraction system (Figure 1)⁴ next to the APCI source of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.
2. Connect the carbon dioxide gas cylinder to the gas supply inlet of the fizzy extraction system. Open the valve in the gas regulator. Set the output pressure to 1.5 bar (150 kPa).
3. Connect the extraction chamber outlet to the ion source inlet.
4. Connect the fizzy extraction system to the 12-V power supply.
5. Set up the data acquisition software of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Figure 2). Operate the instrument with the APCI source, in the positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with argon as collision gas.
   1. Run the data acquisition software.
   2. Select the option "LCMS8030 only".
   3. Select the option "MS On/Off".
   4. Set the desolvation line temperature to 250 °C, and the flow rate of drying gas to 15 L min^-1. Wait until the value of every instrument parameter becomes the same as the preset value.
   5. Select the MS data acquisition method file.
   6. Make sure the collision voltage is -20 V, the precursor ion m/z is 137, and the fragment ion m/z are 81 and 95
   7. Click on the "Start Single Run" button.
   8. Type the file name.
   9. Select the file path.
   10. Move to section 5 ("Performing fizzy extraction").
   11. Select the option "MS On/Off".
   12. Close the software window.
   13. Tick the items "Nebulizing Gas Off", "DL Heater Off", "Heat Block Off", and "Dry Gas Off". Click "OK".

5. Performing Fizzy Extraction

1. Place a sample vial in the fizzy extraction system by using the screw mount. The extraction system is operated at room temperature (~ 25 °C).
2. Press the "Start" button on the LCD shield of the fizzy extraction system.
3. Wait while the automated fizzy extraction process is executed (Figure 3). Observe development of ion signals on the screen of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.
   NOTE: The following steps are executed automatically: Sample headspace is flushed with carbon dioxide during 60 s. Sample is pressurized with carbon dioxide during 60 s. Stirrer motor is on. Sample is depressurized. Multiple bubbles are formed. In the later phase, stirrer motor is on to enhance bubbling.
4. Take out (unscrew) the sample vial.
5. Wipe the sample stirring spindle with cellulose tissue.
6. Wash the stirring spindle with ethanol, and wipe it with cellulose tissue again.
7. The system is ready for analysis of another sample (repeat steps 5.1-5.6).
8. Switch off the power supply.
9. Disconnect the fizzy extraction outlet tube from the ion source.
10. Close the valve of the gas cylinder, and disconnect the gas tubing.

6. Data Analysis

1. Export extracted ion currents for the m/z 81 from the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer's data acquisition software to ASCII files (Figure 4).
   NOTE: The ion current at the m/z 95 is not used in this demonstration.
   1. Run the data acquisition software. Select the option "Postrun".
   2. Select the option "Select Project (Folder)", and choose the data file.
   3. Click on the "File" menu, and select "Export Data" / "Export Data as ASCII".
   4. Select "Output File", and select the file path. Select "MS Chromatogram (MC)".
2. Import the raw data sets into peak integration software, and measure peak areas (Figure 5). Settings: linear baseline; HVL function.
   1. Run the peak integration software.
   2. Select the option "Import" from the "File" menu. Click "Yes" button.
   3. Select the data in X and Y column. Click "OK" button. Select the option "AutoFit Peaks I Residuals".
   4. Fit the extraction peak semi-automatically. Make sure the fitted curve follows the experimental data points. Select the option "List Peak Estimates". Select the option "ASCII Editor".
   5. Copy the fitting results to "Clipboard".
3. Input the measured peak areas into a spreadsheet in data analysis software (Figure 6).
   1. Run the data analysis software.
   2. Input the concentration values in X column and peak area values in Y column. Select the option "Symbol" / "Scatter" from the "Plot" menu. Select the option "Fitting" / "Fit Linear" from the "Analysis" menu.
4. Calculate the concentration of limonene in the diluted real sample based on the formula:
   
   where I is the intercept of the linear function, while S is the slope.
5. Compute the concentration of limonene in the original real sample (before dilution) based on the formula:
   
   where DF is the dilution factor (here, 5).

Results

At the beginning, the fizzy extraction system is tested with a standard solution. Subsequently, the real sample and real sample spiked with standard are analyzed. The areas of the temporal peaks of extraction events are correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. Here, we performed double standard addition to demonstrate quantitative capabilities of the technique (Figure 7

Discussion

Several smart ways to deliver samples to a mass spectrometer were developed in the studies conducted during the past three decades (e.g., references^{8,9,10,11,12,13,14}). One of the goals of those studies was to simplify preparation of samples for analysis. To achieve that goal, vario...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Water	Fisher	W6212	Diluent
Ethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	32221-2.5L	Diluent
(R)-(+)-Limonene	Sigma-Aldrich	183164-100ML	Standard
Carbon dioxide	ChiaLung	n/a	Carrier gas
Cellulose tissue, Kimwipes Kimtech	Kimberly-Clark	34120	Used for cleaning
Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer	Shimadzu	LCMS-8030	Detection system
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface	Shimadzu	Duis	Ion source
20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap	Thermo Fisher Scientific	D-52379	Sample vial
LabSolutions software	Shimadzu	n/a	version 5.82
PeakFit software	Systat Software	n/a	version 4.12
OriginPro software	OriginLab	n/a	version 8