Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

Richard Turcotte; Christopher M. Badeen; Sandra Goldthorp

doi:10.3791/56167

Method Article

Minimum Burning Pressures of Water-based Emulsion Explosives

8.1K views

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DOI:

10.3791/56167

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October 31st, 2017

Richard Turcotte¹ , Christopher M. Badeen¹ , Sandra Goldthorp¹

¹Canmet Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory, Natural Resources Canada

Summary

We present an apparatus based on hot-wire ignition in a pressurized enclosure and an associated methodology to measure the minimum pressure required to induce sustained combustion in water-based emulsion explosives. This method improves product characterization to allow one to use them more safely during pumping and mixing operations.

Abstract

This manuscript describes a protocol to measure the minimum pressure required for sustained burning of water-based emulsion explosives. Pumping water-based emulsion explosives for blasting applications can be very hazardous, as demonstrated by a number of pump accidents around the globe in the last decades, including some that resulted in fatalities. In Canada, the recognition of this hazard has led to the development of pumping guidelines that were endorsed by both the explosives industry and the Explosive Regulatory Division of the Canadian government. In these guidelines, it was noted that the minimum burning pressures (MBP) measured in a laboratory would provide a good guide to characterize the behaviour of these products in pumping systems. The same guidelines also call for the design of pump systems that prevent, whenever possible, pressures from exceeding the MBP of the product being pumped. At the time of publication of these guidelines, a methodology existed for measuring such MBP values but it had never been validated to measure the MBP of ammonium nitrate water-based emulsions (AWEs). AWEs are now used much more widely than any other water-based explosives and precursors in on-site bulk loading operations.

The Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory (CanmetCERL) has been conducting research over the last ten years to develop a validated testing protocol to measure and interpret representative MBP values for AWEs. The test, as it is performed today, will be described and the critical components will be justified by reference to recent published data. Results of MBP measurements, for a range of AWE products, will be presented. Inclusion of the MBP test in the test standards for the authorization of high explosives in Canada will also be discussed.

Introduction

The ammonium nitrate water-based emulsion (AWE) explosive was invented in 1961. It consists of microscopic droplets of a liquid oxidizer solution surrounded by a continuous oil phase. The first stable and practically useful emulsion blasting explosive was developed by Harold F. Bluhm in the USA (1969) ¹^,². However, the successful commercialization of this type of explosive did not really happen before the beginning of the 1980s.

With the large scale of modern mining operations and the advent of fast bulk explosive loading methodology, very large volumes of AWE explosives have to be ....