An Automated Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis Assay for Analyzing Adult Climbing Behavior in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegeneration

Summary

This step-by-step protocol analyzes Drosophila negative geotaxis behavior using an automated multi-cylinder system that hosts hundreds of flies and synchronizes their action by an electric motor. Upon synchronization, fly negative geotaxis behavior is assayed, digitally recorded, and analyzed using the self-designed RflyDetection software.

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with a progressive loss of movement ability, reduced life span, and age-dependent neurodegeneration. To understand the mechanism of these cellular events, and their causal relationships with each other, Drosophila melanogaster, with its sophisticated genetic tools and diverse behavioral features, are used as disease models for assessing neurodegenerative phenotypes. Here we describe a high-throughput method to analyze Drosophila adult negative geotaxis behavior, as an indication for possible motor defects associated with neurodegeneration. An automated machine is designed and developed to drive fly synchronization using an initial electric impulse, later allowing the recording of negative geotaxis behavior over a course of secs to mins. Images from the digitally recorded video are then processed with the self-designed RflyDetection software for statistical data manipulation. Different from the manually controlled negative geotaxis assay based on single fly, this precise, fast, and high-throughput protocol allows data acquisition from more than hundreds of flies simultaneously, providing an efficient approach to advance our understanding in the underlying mechanism of locomotor deficits associated with neurodegeneration.

Introduction

A variety of protocols and methods have been developed for analyzing Drosophila adult climbing behavior. Rather laborious, the traditional analysis mostly involves putting a single fly into an individual vial and uses a manual force to tap flies down for synchronization^1,2,3,4. It is tedious and time consuming, unsuitable for large high-throughput studies, and has potential variations of the manual force used to tap down the flies as well as other limitations. To improve the assay, a Rapid Iterative Negative Geotaxis (RING) assay was developed which allows high-throughput analysis over numerous flies at the same time⁵. However, the assay still requires a manually exerting force to synchronize fly action. Our version of the RING assay, revised upon the previous assay, includes a metal base hosting multiple fly-containing vials automatically controlled by an electric motor to drive fly synchronization⁶. Upon recording, the fly climbing immediately after synchronization is recorded then analyzed using a self-designed software. Our automated RING assay has eliminated the tedious and labor-intensive process in collecting data from a single fly, one at a time, and enabled the data acquisition process to be more efficient. In addition, the automated RING assay has been employed in a number of studies to elucidate the mechanism underlying Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, validating the approach with high efficiency^7,8,9.

In this article, we demonstrate the automated RING assay using the DDC-Gal4 driven RNAi flies. DDC-Gal4 is a Gal4 line specifically expressing in dopaminergic (DA) and serotonergic neurons, thus representing a great tool for analyzing the target gene effects associated with locomotor deficits accompanying neurodegeneration¹⁰. In addition, we incorporate UAS-Dicer2, a fly line that enhances RNAi efficiency, to generate the UAS-Dicer2; DDC-Gal4 tool line. The RNAi flies we choose to use is the auxilin (aux) RNAi v16182 (auxR¹⁶¹⁸²), a gene that we have previously identified to exhibit an effect on fly locomotor activity⁸. auxGFP flies are also prepared for analyzing effects upon aux overexpression. We will show how to use the automated RING assay to measure fly negative geotaxis, present the results, and discuss any implications acquired from the results.

Protocol

1. Fly Collection

1. Maintain the flies on standard fly food at 25 °C, 70% humidity, and a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle.
2. Collect UAS-Dicer2; DDC-GAL4 fly virginsunder carbon dioxide (CO₂) anesthesia.
3. Cross these virgins to 2 day old adult male flies carrying the following genotypes: UAS-mCD8GFP (control), auxR¹⁶¹⁸² (aux RNAi), auxGFP (aux overexpression), and auxR¹⁶¹⁸²; auxGFP (rescue), with a male: female ratio of 1:2.
4. Seperately collect newly eclosed males and females in 3 vials for each group per experiment, placing 10 flies in each regular fly vial with standard food at 25 °C.
5. Depending on the experiment, keep the collected flies up to 35 days and use them for automated RING analysis at day 5, 15, 25, and 35.

2. Automated RING Assay

1. Transfer 10 collected flies (unisex) per genotype into each vial, then secure the vial with a screw. Analyze control flies and flies carrying different genotypes together for each set of experiments (up to 10 vials simultaneously, 10 flies in each vial).
2. Turn on the digital camera placed in front of the apparatus, and start recording once flies are all loaded and ready.
3. After allowing 1 min for flies to settle in vials, turn on the step controller that controls the step driver; this drives the small electric motor to control the lever attached so that it consecutively rises and taps the apparatus 4 times in 2 s. See Figure 1.
   1. After tapping, note that the flies begin to ascend the wall. Ensure that recording continues.
4. Repeat the synchronization as described in step 2.3 in 60-s interval for 3 to 5 consecutive trials.
5. Repeat the experiment for 5, 15, 25, and 35 day old flies. Conduct at least 3 independent experiments for each group, each experiment with at least 30 collected flies (3 vials).

3. Data Analysis

1. Import the recorded video into the computer.
2. Take a snapshot of the video at 6 s after tapping, for each trial.
3. Import the snapshot image into the RflyDetection software (see Figure 2), using the 'File' menu.
4. Set the upper and lower baselines of the vial precisely by using the baseline icon on the toolbar and then using the cursor to mark the upper and lower baselines on the image.
5. Input the number of flies per vial (e.g., 10 here) into the 'Flys in rect' field and vial length (e.g., 14 cm here) in the 'Tube Height' field within the settings bar.
   1. Note that the individual fly positions are detected and labeled with dots on the screen for each vial.
      NOTE: Figure 2 indicates the positions of all menu button clicks.
6. Note that the software automatically determines the climbing distance for each fly and displays the averaged values from 10 flies in each vial in a table on the right-hand panel. (See Figure 2)
7. Process the climbing number with statistical software (e.g., Prism) for further statistical analysis.
8. Present the data as mean ± SEM.
9. Calculate the p-values of significance (indicated with asterisks, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison test.

Results

This article demonstrates the use of an automated RING assay in assessing fly negative geotaxis behavior. Unlike the previous RING assay, our assay includes an automated apparatus that provides an electric force to synchronize fly action and analyzes up to hundreds of flies simultaneously (Figure 1). Analysis of Dicer2; DDC>auxR¹⁶¹⁸² flies showed an age-dependent decrease in the climbing distance in a 6-s time frame for both male and fe...

Discussion

The automated RING assay described here enables a high-throughput analysis of fly negative geotaxis behavior for hundreds of flies simultaneously. Previously existing strategies for analyzing adult climbing involve observations of a single fly in an individual vial, and fly position is manually detected by eye. This rather tedious process might sometimes cause misreading or misinterpretation of data, as well as labor-intensive work. Our automated RING assay starts with a simple click, and the apparatus automatically sync...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Forma Environmental Chamber	Thermo	3949
Carbon dioxide cylinders	FuLian GAS Technology	GB/T6052
HDR-Camcorder	SONY	HDR-CX220E
Binocular stereomicroscope	Xin Zhen	SMZ-168BL
Electronic scales	MinQiao	SL1002N
Refrigerator	Haier	SC-350
Agar-agar powder	Sinopharm	10000561
Glucose	Sinopharm	10010518
Corn meal	Sinopharm	5464654
Brown sugar	LiuCaiYuan	45467936
Instant dry yeast	AB MAURI	20886
AuxR16182	VDRC	7187
UAS-Dicer2	Bloomington	24650
UAS-mCD8GFP	Bloomington	32185
DDC-Gal4			A gift from Fude Huang
AuxGFP			A gift from Henry Chang