Primary Cell Cultures from the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Summary

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a multi-functional epithelium of the eye. Here we present a protocol to establish primary cell cultures derived from the murine RPE.

Abstract

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly polarized multi-functional epithelium that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. It is a single sheet of pigmented cells that are hexagonally packed and connected by tight junctions. The main functions of the RPE include absorption of light, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor outer segments, spatial buffering of ions, transport of nutrients, ions and water as well as active involvement in the visual cycle. With such important and diverse functions, it is critically important to study the biology of RPE cells. A number of RPE cell lines have been established; however, passaged and immortalized cells are known to quickly lose some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of natural RPE cells. Thus, primary cells are more suitable for studying different aspects of RPE cell biology and function. Mouse primary RPE cell culture is very useful to researchers since mouse models are widely used in biological studies, however collecting RPE cells from mouse is also very challenging due to their small size. Here, we present a protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell cultures which includes enucleation and dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This method enables efficient cell recovery. The RPE cells obtained from two mice can reach confluency on one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in culture plate after one week of culture and display some of the original properties of bona fide RPE cells such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after two weeks of culture.

Introduction

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single layer of polarized epithelial cells that is located between the neural retina and the choroid of the eye. The functionality of the RPE cells and the integrity of the RPE monolayer are critical for vision because the RPE plays a major role in multiple processes such as maintaining the outer blood-retinal barrier, transport of water and ions between the retina and the choroid, light absorption, protection from oxidative stress, control of retinoid metabolism, and phagocytosis of the outer segments of the photoreceptors^1,2. The location of the RPE at the back of the eye, as well as its barrier function preventing drugs administered systemically from passing from the blood to the vitreous humor, make it difficult to study the complexity of the RPE function in vivo. Thus, there is a great need for the establishment of RPE cell cultures to study the RPE cells in a flexible, controlled environment^3,4.

A number of established RPE cell lines exist, providing an easy and convenient way of obtaining and storing the cells; however, passaged cells have some disadvantages compared to primary cells^2,3,4. First, they are often characterized by changes in cell morphology. For example, none of the existing cell lines were found to be suitable for a reliable study of the RPE barrier properties due to the loss of cell polarity phenotype and partial disappearance of tight junctions⁴. In addition to the loss of polarity and proper cell-to-cell connections, the RPE cell lines quickly lose their pigmentation due to the absence of the key melanogenesis enzymes in the adult RPE⁵. The pigmentation can be restored, but the comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of re-pigmentation which would include a combination of transmission electron microscopy, gene expression analysis and chemical assays to confirm the presence of melanin has never been performed⁶. One more limitation is that the RPE cell lines have extended cell life (sometimes - immortality) and under certain conditions can transform into self-renewing multipotent stem cells that detach from the substrate and form floating colonies^7,8. This limitation makes it impossible to use the cell lines for transplantation experiments³.

Considering the disadvantages of the established RPE cell lines, primary RPE cell cultures obtained from fresh tissues might serve as a more biologically relevant model to study the RPE. Primary RPE cells have been used not only to study RPE-specific functions such as vitamin A metabolism⁹, phagocytosis of the photoreceptor outer segments¹⁰ and ion transport¹¹, but also to study basic cell biology such as epithelial cell polarity² , lysosomal homeostasis, and autophagy^12,13.

In the last couple of years there have been a number of publications on establishing primary RPE cultures, indicating a growing interest in this area of research^3,14,15. Numerous protocols for human RPE cells and non-human RPE cells such as bovine and porcine RPE cells were published^16,17,18,19. However, it is more difficult to handle mouse RPE cells because of their much smaller size. Even though quite a number of publications have described protocols to isolate RPE cells from the mouse^14,20,21, there are still many researchers struggling to isolate RPE cells without contamination of choroid cells or cells from neural retina debris. Here we present the protocol for establishing primary mouse RPE cell culture, including obtaining the eyes from the mouse, dissection of the eyes and isolation of the RPE sheets to yield the cells for culturing. This video protocol would be especially useful for researchers who are starting to work with mouse primary RPE cultures and need guidance on the dissection techniques.

Protocol

Procedures involving animal subjects have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at University of Pittsburgh

1. Prepare solutions

1. Prepare growth medium by supplementing Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 2.5 mM L-glutamine, and 1x MEM nonessential amino acids. Pre-warm the media in 37 °C incubator before use.
2. Prepare 2% (wt/vol) dispase II working solution:
   1. Prepare a stock solution of 100 mg/mL dispase II by dissolving 30 mg of dispase II in 300 µL HEPES-buffered saline (50 mM HEPES/KOH pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl). This volume is for 3 - 4 mice, it can be scaled up or down based on the number of mice for the experiment). This stock can be stored for at least 1 week at 4 °C.
   2. Prepare the working solution of 2% dispase by adding 300 µL of the 100 mg/mL dispase II stock to 1.2 mL of sterile DMEM, high glucose and filtering the solution through a 0.22 µm filter. This step should be performed in the laminar flow cabinet under sterile conditions. Pre-warm the prepared dispase II in 37 °C incubator before use.

2. Obtaining the mouse eyes

1. Euthanize the mouse using any approved method and place it on an absorbent pad.
2. Wearing gloves, put the thumb and index finger around the eye and gently push the skin to proptose the eyeball.
3. Insert the tip of angled scissors between the skin and the eyeball and carefully cut out the eye. To avoid contamination, briefly dip the eye in 70% ethanol.
4. Immediately place the eye in the Phosphate-buffered Saline (PBS) in a Petri dish.
5. Repeat steps 2.2 - 2.4 to remove the second eye.

3. Eye dissection

1. Carefully remove connective tissue from the eye under the dissecting microscope. This can be done either in PBS or on the dry Petri dish.
   1. Use suturing forceps to lift the connective tissues from the eyeball and cut them out using Vannas scissors. Do not cut the sclera because it is practically impossible to obtain the intact posterior eyecups if the sclera is cut.
   2. After cleaning the connective tissue, keep the resulting eyeballs in PBS for the next washing step.
      NOTE: All the following steps should be performed in the laminar flow cabinet under sterile conditions.
2. Wash the eyes twice in pre-warmed 37 °C DMEM (high glucose). Carefully transfer the eyeballs into the pre-warmed 37 °C DMEM (high glucose) using forceps. Aspirate the medium and transfer eyeballs to fresh medium in a new dish.
3. Aspirate DMEM (high glucose) medium and incubate the eyes in the pre-warmed 2% (wt/vol) dispase II working solution for 45 min in the 37 °C incubator.
   NOTE: In all the following steps, place and manipulate eyes or eyecups in the growth medium, which will protect the tissue and provide a good medium for the dissection.
4. Remove the dispase II solution and wash the eyes twice in growth medium by aspirating the old medium and adding the new pre-warmed 37 °C growth medium (Figure 1a).
   NOTE: After dissociation by dispase II, the eyeballs become soft.
5. Hold the eye with forceps and make an incision around the ora serrata of each eye using Vannas scissors under the dissecting microscope placed in the laminar flow cabinet.
   1. Keeping the eyeball in the solution, carefully remove the anterior cornea by extending the cut around the ora serrata circumference and pulling the anterior cornea away after the cut has been complete.
   2. Remove the lens capsule and associated iris pigmented epithelium by gently pulling them out of the eyecup with teethed forceps (Figure 1b, 1c).
6. Incubate the resulting posterior eyecups in the growth medium for 20 min at 37 °C to facilitate separation of the neural retina from the RPE.
7. Cut the posterior eyecups into 4 petals under the dissecting microscope placed in the laminar flow cabinet. The cuts should be long enough to flatten the eyecup, but short enough to keep the petals connected (Figure 1d).
   1. Flatten the eyecup and remove the neural retina by very gently pulling it with forceps while holding the remaining RPE-choroid-sclera complex with another forceps (Figure 1e). Start pulling from the edges rather than from the center.
8. Transfer all the quartered tissues into a new sterile culture dish filled with pre-warmed 37 °C growth medium.

4. Isolation of primary RPE cells

1. Holding one petal of the quartered RPE-choroid-sclera complex with super fine forceps, gently peel off the intact sheets of RPE from the underlying basement membrane (Bruch's membrane) by using a microsurgical crescent knife under the dissecting microscope placed in the laminar flow cabinet (Figure 1f).
   1. Transfer the RPE sheets into the new sterile culture dish containing growth medium by using a P200 micropipette. When transferring RPE sheets, wet the pipette tips with growth medium by pipetting several times to prevent tissue from sticking inside the tip. RPE will be clearly distinguishable from the choroid: RPE looks more brownish, while choroid is darker and looks sticky and fluffy.
   2. Alternatively, use enzymatic digestion and gentle dissociation without forceps to detach the RPE from the choroid¹⁴.
2. Wash the RPE sheets 2 - 3 times using pre-warmed 37 °C growth medium in the sterile culture dish. After each washing step, carefully collect the RPE sheets while avoiding other tissues such as retina debris or choroid. At the end of the last wash collect the RPE sheets with a P200 micropipette and place them in a new 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
   NOTE: There is no need to centrifuge the RPE sheets: they will sediment by gravity within 1 min.
3. Remove the extra growth medium using a P200 micropipette. Resuspend the cells in fresh pre-warmed growth medium and gently triturate them using a P200 micropipette. Avoid formation of bubbles. A single-cell suspension is ideal, but also avoid too much trituration, otherwise RPE cells are not able to survive. We recommend very gently trituration for 40 - 50 times.

5. Culturing RPE cells

1. Plate the cells on a culture plate.
   1. If downstream applications of the RPE cells require retaining of their polarity, plate the RPE cells from 2 mice in one 12 mm polyester membrane insert pre-loaded in 12-well culture plates. Plating the cells at high density is desired because in that case RPE cells are able to keep the original properties, such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation.
2. Do not move the plate or change the growth medium for the first 72 h of culturing. After 3 days, replace the old medium with the fresh pre-warmed growth medium. After that change the culture medium every other day. Once RPE cells get confluency, reduce the FBS in growth medium to 2%.
   NOTE: The cells can be split using 0.25% trypsin. However, after splitting the cells may lose their hexagonal shape and pigmentation in the subsequent passages. We do not recommend splitting the cells, but if it is required by the downstream applications of the culture, keep in mind that the primary cells cannot be passaged indefinitely: they are known to de-differentiate after 5 - 7 passages.

Results

The mouse primary RPE culture established from 2 mice in 12 mm polyester membrane insert reaches 90 - 95% confluency after 1 week in culture. After 2 weeks of culture, the cells reached 100% confluency and started to form a mosaic of hexagonal, pigmented, and bi-nucleated cells. By 3 weeks of culture, the cells continued to form the shape and pigmentation, however, after 4 weeks a portion of cells got hyperpigmented (Figure 2).

Discussion

The presented detailed protocol enables reliable establishment of mouse primary RPE cultures that reach confluency after 1 week and present the main RPE characteristics such as hexagonal shape and pigmentation after 2 weeks. The obtained RPE cells can be used for a number of downstream applications such as vitamin A metabolism⁹, phagocytosis of the photoreceptor outer segments¹⁰ and ion transport¹¹, epithelial cell polarity², ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
animals
2~3-week old wildtype mice
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
reagents
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), high glucose	GIBCO	11965092
Dispase II	Sigma	D4693
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)	Sigma	F4135
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)	GIBCO	15140122
MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100X)	GIBCO	11140050
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 1X, pH 7.4	GIBCO	10010023
HEPES	Cellgro	61-034
KOH	Sigma-Aldrich	1310-58-3
NaCl	Ambion	AM9759
L-Glutamine (200 mM)	GIBCO	25030-081
Ethyl Alcohol	Fisher Scientific	111000200
RPE65 antibody	A gift from Dr. Michael Redmond
Fluorescein Phalloidin	Invitrogen	F432
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), Alexa Flour 568	Invitrogen	A11011
Goat serum	Sigma-Aldrich	G9023
DAPI	Invitrogen	D1306
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Polysciences, Inc	00380
ZO-1 Polyclonal Antibody	ThermoFisher Scientific	40-2200
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
instruments and equipments
Laminar flow cabinet	Baker	SterilGARD SG403A
Dissecting microscope (Zoom stereomicroscope)	Nikon	SMZ1500
CO2 incubator with hot air sterilization	Binder	C150
Centrifuge	Eppendorf	5702
Petri dishes	Fisher Scientific	0875712
12 mm Polyester Membrane Inserts Pre-Loaded in 12-Well Culture Plates, Pore Size: 0.4 µm, Sterile	Corning Incorporated	COR-3460
Westcott tenotomy scissors, std blades, sharp	STEPHENS instruments	S7-1320
Castroviejo suturing forceps 0.12mm	Stroz Ophthalmic Instruments	E1796
Crescent straight knife	Beaver-Visitec International	373808
Dumont Tweezers #5, 11 cm, Straight, 0.1x0.06 mm Tips, Dumostar	World Precision Instruments	500233
Vannas Scissors, 8 cm, 45° Angle, Standard	World Precision Instruments	500260
Millex-GS Syringe Filter Unit, 0.22 µm	Millipore	SLGL0250S
Syringe, 5 mL	BD	309632
Inverted Laboratory Microscope Leica DM IL LED	Leica
Pipette	Gilson
Barrier and non-filtered pipette tips	Thermo Scientific