Size Matters: Measurement of Capsule Diameter in Cryptococcus neoformans

Summary

The polysaccharide capsule is the primary virulence factor in Cryptococcus neoformans, and its size correlates with strain virulence. Capsule diameter measurements are used in phenotypic testing and to gauge therapeutic efficacy. Here a standard method of capsule induction is presented, and two methods of staining and measuring diameter are compared.

Abstract

The polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is the primary virulence factor and one of the most commonly studied aspects of this pathogenic yeast. Capsule size can vary widely between strains, has the ability to grow rapidly when introduced to stressful or low nutrient conditions, and has been positively correlated with strain virulence. For these reasons, the size of the capsule is of great interest to C. neoformans researchers. The growth of the C. neoformans capsule is induced during phenotypic testing to help understand the effects of different treatments on the yeast or size differences between strains. Here we describe one of the standard methods of capsule induction and compare two accepted methods of staining and measuring capsule diameter: (i) India ink, a negative stain, used in conjunction with conventional light microscopy and (ii) co-staining with fluorescent dyes of both the cell wall and capsule followed by confocal microscopy. Finally, we show how measurement of capsule diameter from India ink-stained samples can be automated using computational image analysis.

Introduction

Affecting a quarter million people every year and resulting in more than 180,000 deaths annually, Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic, intracellular yeast and the causative agent of cryptococcosis^1,2,3. Hardest hit are HIV-positive patients in poor countries who do not have ready access to antiretroviral therapy, making them acutely susceptible to the illness^4,5,6. Data from the CDC indicate that in sub-Saharan Africa, C. neoformans kills more people than tuberc....

Protocol

NOTE: C. neoformans is a Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) pathogen and researchers working with it must take proper precautions. Detailed procedures on how to safely work with BSL-2 pathogens can be found on the Center for Disease Control's (CDC) website, but it is important to note that all persons coming into contact with C. neoformans should be properly trained in handling pathogenic agents and should always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), generally latex or nitrile gloves. Further, rotors on centrifuges should be sealed to prevent aerosolization of samples and any spills cleaned up immediately using a 10% bleach solution

Results

To illustrate capsule induction, cell staining, imaging, and measuring techniques, we used three strains of C. neoformans: the common, well-characterized laboratory strain, H99S³⁰, and two clinically isolated strains of previously unknown capsule diameter, B18 and B52³¹.

The workflow of capsule induction, staining, and image acquisition using India ink is shown in

Discussion

For decades, the capsule has been a major focus of research for both mycologists and clinicians interested in C. neoformans and cryptococcosis due to its role as a major virulence factor for the pathogen. Using microscopy to measure differences in capsule size between strains and under different growth conditions can provide important information about the pathogen and its responses to various stimuli (i.e., different environmental conditions, potential drug treatments, etc.) Here, we have outl.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Capsule Induction
C. neoformans cells			The clinical lab strain, H99S, was a kind gift from Dr. John Perfect (Duke University).  The clinical strains, B18 and B52, were kind gifts from Dr. Greg Bisson (University of Pennsylania).
Yeast Peptone Dextrose Broth (YPD)	Fisher Scientific	DF0428-17-5
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)			This is made in the lab using standard recipe (137mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10mM Na2HPO4O, 2 mM Kh2PO4O)
DMEM/high-glucose with L-glutamine, without sodium pyruvate	GE Life Sciences	SH30022.01
6-well plates	Falcon	CL5335-5EA
Shaking incubator	Thermo Scientific		MaxQ6000
CO2 incubator	Fisher Scientific		Isotemp
Centrifuge	Thermo Scientific		Legend XTR
Staining
Microcentrifuge	Thermo Scientific		Legend Micro 21R
India ink	Fisher Scientific	14-910-56
Calcofluor white	Sigma-Aldrich	18909-100ML-F
18B7 mouse anti-GXM antibody conjugated to Alexafluor 488			A kind gift from Dr. Arturo Casadevall (Johns Hopkins University)
PBS with 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)			PBS is the same recipe listed above (line 4) with 1% BSA added and filter sterilized.
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A9418
Superfrost microscope slides	Fisher Scientific	12-550-143
Glass coverslips	Corning	2855-18	#1.5 thickness
Clear nail polish or other non-toxic sealant
Image Acquisition
Immersion oil	Cargille	16484
Light microscope with immersion oil objective	Zeiss		Zeiss Axio A1 with a Plan - NEOFLUAR 100x oil immersion NA 1.30 objective
Light microscope camera	Zeiss		Zeiss Axiocam ErCD camera
Confocal microscope with oil immersion objective	Zeiss		LSM 700 laser scanning confocal equipped with a Plan-Apochromat 63X NA 1.4 oil immersion DIC M27 objective.
Confocal microscope software	Zen 2009
Confocal microscope camera	Nikon		Nikon Ti-Eclipse with a Intensilight epifluorescence illuminator (Nikon), CoolSNAP MYO microscope camera (Photometrics), Plan Apo 60x NA 1.40 oil immersion objective (Nikon) and 1.5x magnification changer.
Widefield imaging software	Nikon Elements (Nikon)
Capsule Measurement
Image editing software	Photoshop (Adobe)
Microscope software for manual measurement	Axiovision (Carl Zeiss)
Image analysis software for automated meesurement	Aivia (DRVision Technologies)
Spreadsheet software	Excel (Microsoft)