Isolation and Identification of Extravascular Immune Cells of the Heart

Summary

This protocol presents a simple and efficient method to isolate, identify and quantify immune cells residing in the myocardium of mice during steady state or inflammation. The protocol combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion for the generation of a single cell suspension that can be further analyzed by flow cytometry.

Abstract

The immune system is an essential component of a healthy heart. The myocardium is home to a rich population of different immune cell subsets with functional compartmentalization both during steady state and during different forms of inflammation. Until recently, the study of immune cells in the heart required the use of microscopy or poorly developed digestion protocols, which provided enough sensitivity during severe inflammation but were unable to confidently identify small — but key — populations of cells during steady state. Here, we discuss a simple method combining enzymatic (collagenase, hyaluronidase and DNAse) and mechanical digestion of murine hearts preceded by intravascular administration of fluorescently-labelled antibodies to differentiate small but unavoidable intravascular cell contaminants. This method generates a suspension of isolated viable cells that can be analyzed by flow cytometry for identification, phenotyping and quantification, or further purified with fluorescence-activated cell sorting or magnetic bead separation for transcriptional analysis or in vitro studies. We include an example of a step-by-step flow cytometric analysis to differentiate the key macrophage and dendritic cell populations of the heart. For a medium sized experiment (10 hearts) the completion of the procedure requires 2–3 h.

Introduction

Different forms of myocardial stress or injury, including ischemic (ischemia reperfusion or myocardial infarction) and non-ischemic (hypertension or myocarditis), promote the recruitment of inflammatory cells with reparative and protective, but also pathogenic properties. As early as 1891, Romberg first described the presence of cellular infiltrates in the myocardium of patients infected with typhus and scarlet fever¹. However, the detailed study of cardiac immune cells required the development of more advanced immunophenotyping techniques. As a consequence, only recently have we started to understand that a diverse population of immune cells with essential maintenance roles during steady state resides within the myocardium.

Histology has been, and still is, the most common method to characterize cardiac immune cells during inflammation. However, while histology represents a valuable diagnostic tool, its use in the study of cardiac immune cells has important limitations. The immune cells residing in the myocardium represent a very small proportion of the total cells and are more or less evenly distributed in a proportionally immense space. Similarly, several forms of cardiac inflammation, such as viral myocarditis, show focal patterns of inflammation. This means that accurate analysis of the immune system of the heart often require higher degrees of histological sampling, increasing the cost to reduce bias. Moreover, histology provides a very limited amount of usable information in cell identification (e.g. number of parameters). With an ever increasing number of cell subsets that require the use of multiple expression markers (including surface markers, transcription factors or secreted molecules), flow cytometry has established itself as the most powerful tool for immunophenotyping, due to low-cost and high-throughput.

The use of immunophenotyping techniques is closely dependent on the development of efficient digestion protocols that allowed for single-cells analysis of large numbers of cells. The development of exhaustive protocols of cell extraction opened a new window of opportunities in the study of cardiac immunology. Through the combination of digestion, flow cytometry and transcriptomics, the major populations of macrophages and dendritic cells residing in the heart have been characterized^2,3. The most abundant population of cardiac immune cells during steady state are CD64⁺MerTK⁺ macrophages, which can be further divided based on their expression of CCR2 or CD11c². CCR2⁺ macrophages originate from adult bone marrow hematopoiesis, whereas the majority of CCR2^- macrophages, which can express high or low levels of MHC-II, are mainly of prenatal origin. Macrophages perform key functions such as repair⁴ and removal of debris⁵ during injury or supporting electrical connectivity⁶ in steady state. During different forms of inflammation an important influx of Ly6C^hi MHC-II^lo CD64^int monocytes occur, which later differentiate into Ly6C^hi CCR2⁺ macrophages^2,7. A significantly smaller, but important, population of cells residing in the myocardium of healthy individuals is composed of dendritic cells^8,9. The two major subsets of cardiac conventional DCs (cDCs) have been recently characterized: cDC1 (CD103⁺ DCs) and cDC2 (CD11b⁺ DCs). DCs play important roles in defense against infection⁸ but can also promote self-injury during inflammation, particularly during myocardial infarction⁹.

Here, we describe a simple method for isolation of viable cardiac immune cells from mouse myocardium. The method combines enzymatic and mechanical digestion with a cell-strainer filtration in order to obtain a single cell suspension that can be analyzed, or further purified, by flow cytometry sorting or magnetic bead enrichment. Accurate measurements of extravascular myocardial cells require cardiac perfusion in order to remove possible contaminants from the bloodstream of the cardiac microvasculature. In addition, we present an optional step of intravascular labeling of immune cells that can be used to further differentiate myocardial cells from intravascular contaminants, based on the Galkina et al. protocol¹⁰. Finally, we present a basic flow cytometry analysis to identify the major macrophage and cDC subpopulations.

Protocol

Ethics statement: This protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University Health Network (Toronto, Canada) and is in compliance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

1. Buffer Preparation

1. Prepare HBB buffer (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), 2% heat inactivated bovine serum, 0.2% bovine serum albumin). Add 10 mL of heat inactivated bovine serum and 1 g of bovine serum albumin to 500 mL of HBSS. Filter sterilize through a 0.2 µm filter and store at 4 °C.
2. Prepare FACS buffer (Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 2% heat inactivated bovine serum, 1 mM Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, pH 8.0)). Add 10 mL heat inactivated bovine serum and 1 mL of 0.5 M EDTA to 500 mL of PBS. Filter sterilize through a 0.2 µm filter and store at 4 °C.
   NOTE: Solutions can be stored at 4 °C for up to 1 month.

2. Labelling of Circulating Leukocytes

1. Aseptically prepare anti-mouse CD45 injection with 1 µg of antibody diluted in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for a final injection volume of 200 µL/mouse. Load volume into a 28.5G insulin syringe and keep away from light.
   NOTE: Use two different fluorochrome-labelled anti-CD45 antibodies in order to differentiate the intravascular (stained through i.v. administration) from the intracardiac staining (stained after digestion; see step 4).
2. Pre-warm mice (8–12 weeks old) by exposing the tail to a red heat lamp for 5 min.
   CAUTION: Do not overheat the animal. Keep the lamp at a safe distance (>30 cm).
   1. Restrain the animal in the sternal position using an appropriate device. Expose and stabilize the tail with the non-dominant hand by immobilizing the base of the tail with the index and middle finger and the mid-distal region of the tail with the thumb and ring finger.
      CAUTION: Do not apply too much force at the tip of the tail as the skin can be pulled off. Insert the needle with the bevel facing up into the vein. Keep the needle parallel to the vein at all times as it is easy to puncture the vein.
      NOTE: Blood entering the syringe may occur and is a sign of a good injection. Bending the needle to a 90° angle can facilitate i.v. administration. Confirm with your safety office as bending needles may represent a hazard.
   2. Inject 200 µL intravenously into the tail vein. The fluid should flow easily and temporarily clear the vein.
      CAUTION: Do not force fluid in if resistance is met. This is sign of misplacement of the needle.
   3. Allow antibody to circulate for 5 min before humanely euthanizing mouse.

3. Heart Isolating and Digestion

1. Euthanize mice using CO₂ or by other institutionally accepted euthanasia procedure.
   1. For CO₂ euthanasia, place the mouse in the CO₂ chamber and set the fill rate to 20% of the chamber volume per minute (i.e., if the chamber is 10 L, fill at 2 L/min). Run for 2 min and monitor mouse until breathing has ceased.
   2. Shut off the CO₂ and leave the mouse for an additional 1-2 min. Ensure breathing has ceased before opening the chamber and perform a toe pinch to confirm the mouse is dead before proceeding to process the mouse.
2. Spray the mouse with 70% ethanol. Lift the skin at the abdomen and dissect the mouse by cutting along the ventral midline beginning at the level of the hips up to the sternum. Open the abdomen and move the liver to expose the diaphragm.
3. Cut the diaphragm, then the ribs on both sides of the midline, being careful to avoid puncturing the lungs and heart.
   1. Expose the heart by peeling back the ribs, then cut first the left atria followed by the right atria.
      ​CAUTION: Use caution when cutting the atria, ensuring no arteries or veins are injured, as this can decrease the efficiency of flushing the blood contained in the organs.
   2. Perfuse the heart with 15–20 mL of cold PBS using a 60 mL syringe fitted with a 21 G needle and cold PBS. Gently grasp the base of the heart with forceps and insert the needle into the left ventricle near the apex. Repeat the procedure in the right ventricle. A proper injection results in white lungs and pale liver.
      ​NOTE: Perfusion should be performed within 5 minutes after euthanasia in order to avoid blood coagulation, which can contaminate the organs of interest with circulating cells.
4. Hold the base of the heart with forceps and gently pull the heart up, then detach the heart by cutting the major pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta and the pericardial sack.
   1. Clean the heart by gently holding the heart between the thumb and index fingers in a clean lint-free paper towel and pull off the atria and remnants of major arteries and veins and any other contaminants with forceps.
      ​NOTE: Ensure the entirety of the atria is removed and no other tissues, such as the lung or blood vessels, are present as these tissues have their own resident immune cells. The lung in particular has a large immune cell population that can mask the smaller populations of those within the myocardium.
5. Place the heart in a 5 cm plastic dish with 50 µL of cold PBS.
   1. Mince the heart using curved dissecting scissors until there are no visible pieces and it has a smooth consistency.
      ​NOTE: Try to keep the heart in a contained area of the dish during chopping to minimize tissue loss.
   2. Transfer thetrituratedheart tissue using curved forceps into 2 mL microcentrifuge tube with 800 µL cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM).
6. Add 450 U/mL ofcollagenase I, 60 U/mL of hyaluronidase type I-S, and 60 U/mL of DNase-I to each sample.
   1. Incubate samples at 37 °C on a rocking shaker at 50 rpm for 45–60 min.
7. After digestion, briefly vortex samples (20 s) and immediately place on ice to keep samples at 4 °C.
   1. Using a 1 mL pipettor, pipette samples up and down until tissue samples are homogeneous and do not clog the pipette tip.
      ​NOTE: Defining a specific number of times to pipette may increase reproducibility. If the hearts are not optimally digested, pieces of myocardium may obstruct the pipette. Gently grinding the pipette tip against the microcentrifuge tube will help homogenize bigger pieces of tissue.
8. Pre-wet a 40 µm cell strainer placed on a 50 mL conical tube with 1 mL of cold HBB.
   1. Add homogenized sample to the filter and wash through by slowly pouring 12–14 mL of cold HBB.
   2. Transfer filtered samples to a labelled 15 mL conical tube and keep at 4 °C.
9. Centrifuge samples at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 °C. Aspirate off supernatant.
   1. Lyse red blood cells by adding 1 mL of Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium (ACK) lysis buffer to each sample. Resuspend samples by vortexing and incubate at room temperature for 5 min.
   2. Once lysis has completed, add 5–8 mL of cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) to stop hemolysis.
10. Centrifuge samples at 400 x gfor 5 min at 4 °C. Aspirate off supernatant.
11. Add 1 mL of FACS buffer to each sample and transfer to a labelled 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
    NOTE: The protocol can be paused here for up to 2 h with samples stored at 4 °C.

4. Flow Cytometry Staining and Analysis

1. Centrifuge samples at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
   1. To reduce non-specific antibody binding, dilute 1:100 anti-CD16/CD32 and Monocyte Blocker (1:20) (see Table of Materials) accounting for 50 µL FACS per sample. Incubate at room temperature for 15 min.
   2. Prepare the antibody dilution (1:250 for each antibody) accounting for 50 µL of FACS per sample.
      NOTE: A viability dye can be included in the antibody cocktail in order to exclude dead cells. Alternatively, small size exclusion by flow analysis can be used (Figure 1C and D).
   3. Without washing, add 50 µL of antibody master mix to each sample and mix.
   4. Incubate samples at 4 °C for 30 min in the dark.
2. Add 600 µL FACS to each sample to wash and centrifuge samples at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 °C.
3. Aspirate off supernatant and resuspend pellet in 300 µL FACS. Keep samples at 4 °C in the dark.
   NOTE: Some viability dyes, such as DAPI, require staining within 10 min prior to running flow cytometry.
4. Analyze by flow cytometry (see Figures 1 and 2) within the next 3 h. If a longer time is required, short term fixation using a low concentration paraformaldehyde (0.5–1% in PBS) is recommended to preserve staining.
   NOTE: It is highly recommended to filter samples through a 40 µm cell strainer prior to initiate flow cytometry analysis in order to prevent obstruction of the fluidics of the flow cytometer.

Results

To date, no good method has been designed to isolate immune cells from other cardiac cell components, such as cardiomyocytes. Hence, analysis of the cardiac single cell suspension by flow cytometry requires a pre-gating with CD45 to identify the immune cell populations, followed by single cell and small size exclusion gating (Figure 1A). Alternatively, a viability staining can be performed to exclude dead cells. Small size exclusion and viabi...

Discussion

Myocardial inflammation, or myocarditis, is a feature of most cardiovascular diseases. However, the myocardium is not devoid of its own immune components in non-disease states. During steady state, many immune cells reside in the myocardium and play the essential roles of maintenance and protection. The characterization of these diverse populations of cells would not have been possible without methods such as the one presented in this protocol.

A combination of mechanical and enzymatic digesti...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Phosphate buffered saline	Wisent	311-010-CL	1x PBS
21 G x 1 1/2 (0.8 mm x 40 mm) PrecisionGlide Needle	BD	305167
Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution	Wisent	311-511-CL	1x HBSS
Bovine serum albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A4503-50G
Bovine serum	Sigma	B9433
0.5 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	BioShop	EDT111
Vacuum filter , 0.2 µm Filtropur V50	Sarstedt	83.1823.001
28 G 1/2 1 cc insulin syringe	BD	329424
60 mL syringe	BD	309653
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium	Wisent	319-005-CL	1x DMEM with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-Glutamine and Sodium Pyruvate
Collagenase I	Sigma	C0130	from Clostridium histolyticum
Hyaluronidase type I-S	Sigma	H3506
DNase-I	Sigma	D4513	from bovine pancreas
Cell strainer, 40 µm Nylon	Falcon	352340
Ammonium-Chloride- Potassium (ACK) lysis buffer	Lonza	10-546E
Alexa Fluor 700 anti-mouse/human CD11b	Biolegend	101222	1:250 dilution
APC/Cy7 anti-mouse Ly-6c	Biolegend	128025	1:250 dilution
APC anti-mouse CD103	Biolegend	121414	1:250 dilution
Brilliant Violet 605 anti-mouse CD11c	Biolegend	117334	1:250 dilution
PE anti-mouse Ly-6G	Biolegend	127607	1:250 dilution
Pacific Blue anti-mouse I-Ab	Biolegend	116422	1:250 dilution
FITC anti-mouse CD64 (FcgRI)	Biolegend	139315	1:250 dilution
PE/Cy7 anti-mouse CD45	Biolegend	103113	1:250 dilution
PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-mouse CD45	Biolegend	103132	1:40 dilution
TruStain fcX (anti-mouse CD16/32)	Biolegend	101320	1:100 dilution
True-Stain Monocyte Blocker	Biolegend	426101	1:20 dilution
FlowJo V10	TreeStar Inc		https://www.flowjo.com/solutions/flowjo
Mouse: Batf3-/-	The Jackson Laboratory	JAX: 013755