Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Summary

Here, we present a protocol to isolate dendritic cells from murine spleens by magnetic cell sorting and subsequent adoptive transfer into naïve mice. The model of high-salt activated dendritic cells was chosen to explain the step-by-step procedures of adoptive transfer and flow cytometry.

Abstract

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) can sense elevated extracellular sodium leading to the activation of the NADPH oxidase and formation of isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts. These IsoLG-protein adducts react with self-proteins and promote an autoimmune-like state and hypertension. We have developed and optimized state-of-the-art methods to study DC function in hypertension. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolation, in vitro treatment with elevated sodium, and adoptive transfer of murine splenic CD11c⁺ cells into recipient mice to study their role in hypertension.

Introduction

Excess dietary salt is a major risk factor for hypertension.^1,2 The American Heart Association recommends a maximum of 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium (Na⁺) intake per day, however; less than 10% of the U.S. population observes this recommendation.^3,4 Modest reductions in Na⁺ intake lower blood pressure and reduce the annual new cases of coronary heart disease and stroke in the U.S. by 20%.⁵ A major problem with excess salt consumption is that 50% of the hypertensive population exhibits salt-sensitivity, defined as a 10 mmHg increase in the blood pressure following Na⁺ loading or a similar drop in blood pressure after Na⁺ restriction and diuresis.⁶ Salt-sensitivity also occurs in 25% of normotensive individuals, and is an independent predictor of death and cardiovascular events.^7,8 Salt-sensing mechanisms in hypertension involving the kidney have been well studied; however, recent studies suggest that immune cells can sense Na⁺.^9,10

Recent evidence suggests that changes in extra-renal Na⁺ handling can cause accumulation of Na⁺ in the interstitium and promote inflammation.^11,12 Our laboratory and others have shown that cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system contribute to the exacerbation of hypertension.^9,13,14,15 Various hypertensive stimuli, including angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and salt cause macrophages, monocytes and T lymphocytes to infiltrate the kidney and vasculature and promote Na⁺ retention, vasoconstriction, blood pressure elevation and end-organ damage.^{9,16,17,18,19,20} In prior studies, we found that DCs accumulate isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts in response to various hypertensive stimuli including angiotensin II and DOCA-salt hypertension.¹⁴ IsoLGs are highly reactive products of lipid peroxidation that rapidly and covalently adduct to lysines on proteins and their accumulation is associated with DC activation.¹⁴ We have recently established that elevated Na⁺ is a potent stimulus for IsoLG-protein adduct formation in murine DCs.⁹ Na⁺ entry into DCs is mediated through amiloride sensitive transporters. Na⁺ is then exchanged for calcium (Ca²⁺) via the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger. Ca²⁺ activates protein kinase C (PKC) which activates the NADPH oxidase leading to increased superoxide (O₂^·-) and IsoLG-protein adduct formation.⁹ Adoptive transfer of salt-exposed DCs primes hypertension in response to a sub-pressor dose of angiotensin II.⁹

Identification of CD11c⁺ DCs from tissues has been previously limited to immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, and isolation of DCs has been limited to cell sorting by flow cytometry. Although flow cytometry cell sorting is a powerful method for the isolation of immune cells, it is costly, time-consuming, and leads to a low yield of viable cells. Therefore, we have optimized a step by step protocol for tissue digestion, in vitro stimulation, and adoptive transfer of CD11c⁺ DCs to study hypertension.

Protocol

Vanderbilt University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee have approved the procedures described herein. Mice are housed and cared for in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academies Press. Revised 2010).

1. Isolation of Spleens from Mice

1. Prepare 1640 RPMI: 10% FBS, 0.10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 µM β-mercaptoethanol and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.
2. Euthanize 10–12 week-old C57bl/6 male mice by CO₂ inhalation. Spray the chest and sides of the mouse with 70% ethanol. On the left side, carefully open the skin and the peritoneal cavity to expose the spleen.
3. Using small forceps, cautiously move the intestines and liver to the left side of the mouse, and using fine scissors gently excise the spleen.
   NOTE: This step must be done very carefully as damage to the gastrointestinal tract can induce contamination.
4. Place each excised spleen in labeled 15 mL conical tube containing 3 mL of RPMI 1640 medium.

2. Generation of Single Cell Suspensions from Spleens

NOTE: The spleen can be dissociated into a single cell suspension by combining mechanical dissociation plus enzymatic digestion.

1. Prepare the spleen digestion solution by adding collagenase D (1 mg/mL; 0.29 U/mg lyophilized) and DNase I (0.1 mg/mL) to prepared RPMI 1640 medium (see step 1.1)
2. Use forceps to transfer the spleen into a C tube (dissociation tube) containing 3 mL of spleen digestion solution.
3. Perform the mechanical dissociation using a semi-automated homogenizer according to the manufacturer's instructions.
   1. Place the C tube onto the semi-automated homogenizer, ensuring that the C tube is tightly placed on the rotating arm. Once the C tube is placed, press the start button on the semi-automated homogenizer to run the Spleen 04.01 protocol for 60 s.
      NOTE: Mechanical dissociation can also be performed by placing a 40 μm filter on top of a 50 mL conical tube and gently grinding the spleen through the filter. After grinding the spleen, through rinse the 40 µm filter with 10 mL of RPMI media.
4. After mechanical dissociation, detach the tube from the homogenizer and perform the enzymatic digestion. Incubate the samples for 15 min at 37 °C under continuous rotation (20 rpm).
5. Transfer the solution by pipetting into a 50 mL conical tube after filtering through a 40 µm strainer. Wash the 40 µm strainer with 10 mL of Dulbecco's PBS (dPBS). Centrifuge the cells at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
6. After centrifugation, aspirate the supernatant completely and wash the pellet by resuspending in 10 mL of dPBS. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.

3. Isolation of CD11c⁺ DCs from Splenic Single Cell Suspension

1. Resuspend the cell pellet in 5 mL of dPBS and count the number of cells using a hemocytometer and trypan blue exclusion.
2. Pellet the cells by centrifuging at 300 x g, for 10 min at 4 °C.
3. Aspirate the supernatant completely and resuspend pellet in 400 µL of magnetically activated cell-sorting (MACs) buffer.
4. Add 100 µL of CD11c microbeads (see Table of Materials) per 1 x 10⁸ cells.
5. Vortex the cell suspension and incubate for 10 min in the refrigerator at 4 °C.
6. Add 10 mL of MACs buffer to wash cells. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C.
7. Aspirate the supernatant completely and resuspend in 500 µL of MACs buffer.

4. Magnetic Separation of CD11c⁺ DCs

NOTE: Magnetic separation is done manually with a magnetic separator (see Table of Materials) outfitted with LS Columns. Magnetic separation can also be done automatically with an automated magnetic separator. (see Table of Materials).

1. Place the LS column in the magnetic field of MACs separator and a 15 mL conical tube under each column to collect the flow-through.
2. Rinse the LS column with 3 mL of buffer.
3. Place the cell suspension onto each LS column and collect the flow-through containing unlabeled cells.
4. Wash the LS column with 3 mL of MACs buffer collecting the unlabeled cells that pass through. Wash the LS column 2 more times.
5. Remove the LS column from the magnetic separator. Add 5 mL of MACs buffer to each column and immediately flush out the magnetically labeled cells by firmly plunging the LS column into a clean 15 mL conical tube.
   NOTE: It is important to perform a double isolation of CD11c cells to obtain a high purity cell suspension. Therefore, repeat steps 3.1 through 4.5. and reference Figure 4 for purity standards. This step improves the purity of CD11c⁺ cells to 90–95%.
6. Determine CD11c⁺ DC number on a hemocytometer using trypan blue exclusion. Dilute the cell sample at a 1:1 dilution in 0.4% trypan blue solution.
   NOTE: Non-viable cells will be stained blue, while viable cells will remain unstained.
   1. To do this, carefully fill a hemocytometer with 10 µL of the cell sample dilution and incubate for 1 minute.
   2. Count cells in 4 squares of 1 x 1 mm² in the chamber that has been loaded to determine the viable cell number.

5. In Vitro High Salt Treatment of CD11c⁺ DCs

1. Prepare DC culture medium by adding 10% FBS, 0.1 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 50 µM β-mercaptoethanol and 1% penicillin/streptomycin to 500 mL 1640 RPMI.
2. Prepare 10x DC high salt cell culture media (400 mM) by weighing out 1.17 g of NaCl and placing it into a sterile 50 mL falcon tube. Add 50 mL of sterile DC cell culture media (prepared in step 5.1) to the 50 mL falcon tube and vortex until the NaCl is in solution.
3. Immediately filter the high salt DC culture media using vacuum filtration through a 0.2 μm filter in a cell culture hood.
4. Centrifuge each cell suspension from the spleens at 300 x g for 10 min at 4ºC. Resuspend each cell pellet in DC culture media at a concentration of 1 x 10⁶ cells/mL.
5. Pipette 900 μL (approximately 1 x 10⁶ cells) of the DC suspension in a 24-well flat bottom Falcon plate. Add 100 µL of high salt DC culture media to each well for a final sodium concentration of 190 mM. Label the plate and place in a 37 °C humified CO₂ incubator for 48 h.

6. Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated CD11c⁺ DCs

1. After in vitro stimulation for 48 h, remove the plate from the 37 °C humified CO₂ incubator.
2. Pipette the cell culture media up and down to resuspend the CD11c⁺ DCs. Pipette all the CD11c⁺ DC suspension into a corresponding labeled 1.6 mL tube. Repeat this step for each individual well plated.
3. Centrifuge each CD11c⁺ DC suspension at 300 x g for 10 min at 4 °C. Aspirate the supernatant. Resuspend the DC pellet with 100 µL of sterile dPBS.
4. Draw DC suspension into a 1 mL syringe equipped with a 27 G ½ inch needle.
5. Place the naïve male 10 week-old C57bl/6 mice under 2% isoflurane to achieve a stable surgical plane. Check the level of anesthesia with the lack of pedal reflex. Once a stable surgical plane is achieved, slowly and carefully introduce the needle into the retro-orbital space at an angle of approximately 30°.
   NOTE: The bevel of the 27 G needle should be pointing down, away from the eye, to prevent ocular damage.
6. Slowly and smoothly inject the CD11c⁺ DC suspension (approximately 1 x 10⁶ cells). Once the injection is complete, carefully remove the needle for the retro-orbital space being conscious to not damage the eye.
   NOTE: After the injection, there should be little or no bleeding. Adoptive transfer of CD11c⁺ DCs can also be performed using an I.V. method of injection (e.g. Tail vein). The control mice receive CD11c⁺ DCs that were cultured in normal salt media.
7. Remove the mice from the nose cone and monitor them for approximately 30 min during the recovery from anesthesia.

7. Preparation of 14 Day Low-dose Angiotensin II (140 ng/kg/min)

1. Prepare the angiotensin II buffer by adding 500 μL of 5 M NaCl and 300 μL of acetic acid. Quantum Satis (QS) up to 30 mL of deionized H₂0.
2. Dissolve angiotensin II to 5 mg/mL stock solution with angiotensin II buffer. Dilute angiotensin II stock solution with additional buffer to achieve a final concentration such that the osmotic minipump will deliver angiotensin II in a rate of 140 ng/kg/min according to the body weight of each mouse.
   NOTE: Essential Angiotensin II (mg) = (mouse weight (g) x 0.2 mg/day x 14 days)/1,000
   Prepared Angiotensin II (mg) = (Essential angiotensin II x 260 µL) / pump rate (0.25 μL/hr)
   Angiotensin II Stock Volume (μL) = Prepared angiotensin II / stock concentration (5 mg/mL) x 1,000
   Dilute volume (μL) = 270 - angiotensin II stock volume
3. Add angiotensin II stock volume to the dilute (angiotensin II buffer) based on the volumes calculated in step 7.2.
4. Under a sterile cell culture hood, open osmotic minipump.
5. Add diluted angiotensin II solution and expel any air from the syringe and needle. Insert the supplied needle into the bottom of the osmotic minipump and slowly inject angiotensin II solution while slowly and carefully retracting the needle from the bladder.
6. Insert the osmotic minipump head into the osmotic bladder fully, paying attention not to get any air into the bladder.

8. Implantation of 14 Day Low-dose Angiotensin II Osmotic Minipumps

1. Ten days after adoptive transfer of CD11c⁺ DCs, place mice in an isoflurane chamber to initiate anesthesia and then move mice to nose cone to continuously receive 2% isoflurane to achieve and maintain an appropriate surgical plane.
2. Remove the fur along the dorsal side of the neck with clippers to prepare surgical site. Clean the shaved area with 70% ethanol followed by 7.5% betadine prior to the start of surgery.
3. Create a small incision (approximately 1.5 cm) in the skin. Insert hemostats into the incision to create a subcutaneous pocket for placement of the osmotic minipump.
4. Insert the minipump into the subcutaneous pocket. Close the skin wound with 2-3 surgical staples and apply another application of 7.5% betadine to the wound and staples to prevent infection.
5. Monitor the mice for 30–60 min during recovery from anesthesia before returning them to their cages.
   NOTE: Mice need to be monitored up to 3–4 days after implantation of the osmotic minipump.

9. Isolation of Spleens of Recipient Mice for Flow Cytometric Analysis

1. After 14 days of low-dose angiotensin II infusion, isolate spleens from mice receiving in vitro high salt treated DCs by adoptive transfer. Follow the precise steps listed above (Steps 1 and 2).

10. Surface Staining

1. Transfer splenocytes that are resuspended in 1x PBS into a polystyrene FACS tube and centrifuge at 350 x g for 8 min at 4 °C. Aspirate supernatant after centrifugation. Wash twice with 1 mL of MACs Buffer and centrifugation (350 x g, 8 min, 4 °C).
   1. Divide the splenocytes equally into different polystyrene FACS tubes based on the number of flow cytometric panels desired.
2. To perform the Live/Dead Cell Viability Staining, wash the cells with 1x PBS and centrifuge (350 x g, 8 min, 4 °C). Resuspend in 1 mL of 1x PBS and add 1 µL of a cell-viability stain (see materials table). Incubate for 15 min at 4 °C (refrigerator or on ice) covered in foil to protect from light.
3. During incubation of the cell viability stain, prepare the cocktail of antibodies for the cell surface staining in an appropriate volume of MACS Buffer.
4. Wash the cells with 1 mL of MACS Buffer, centrifuge (350 x g, 8 min, 4 °C), and resuspend each cell pellet with 100 µL of the antibody cocktail. Incubate protected from light for 30 min at 4 °C.
   NOTE: Each flow cytometry antibody is unique, and it is highly useful and recommended to determine the optimal amount of antibody needed by performing a dose titration curve for each specific antibody.
5. Wash the cells twice with 1 mL of MACS buffer and resuspend the splenocytes in an appropriate amount of MACS Buffer for flow cytometric analysis.

Results

Figure 1 represents a schematic of the described steps above. Isolated murine spleens are sorted for CD11c⁺ DCs by magnetic cell sorting and plated in either normal salt media (NS; 150 mmol NaCl) or high salt media (HS; 190 mmol NaCl) for 48 h. CD11c⁺ DCs are then adoptively transferred by retro-orbital injection to naïve recipient mice. Ten days later, mice are implanted with osmotic minipumps for low-dose angiotensin II (140 ng/kg/min)...

Discussion

In the current protocol, we have optimized procedures to isolate CD11c⁺ DCs from spleens of mice and adoptively transfer them into naïve animals to study the role of DCs in salt-induced hypertension. This protocol can be adapted to isolate and adoptively transfer other immune cell subsets including macrophages, monocytes, and adaptive immune cells including T and B lymphocytes. We have optimized the splenic digestion process to achieve adequate cell survival and stability of DC surface expression markers....

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
APC/Cy7 anti-mouse CD11c	Biolegend	117324
autoMACS Running Buffer	Miltenyi Biotec	130-091-221
CD11c MicroBeads Ultrapure	Miltenyi Biotec	130-108-338
Collagenase D	Roche	11088866001
DNase I	Roche	10104159001
DPBS without calcium and magnesium	Corning	21-031-CV
FcR Blocking Reagent	Miltenyi Biotec	130-092-575
FITC anti-mouse CD45	Biolegend	103108
GentleMACS C tube	Miltenyi Biotec	130-096-334
GentleMACS dissociator device	Miltenyi Biotec	130-093-235	Use protocol: Spleen 04.01
LIVE/DEAD fixable violet dead cell stain kit	Invitrogen	L34964
LS Columns	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-401
QuadroMACs Seperator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-090-976
RPMI 1640 medium	Gibco	11835-030