Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

Summary

We describe a behavioral protocol designed to assess how zebrafish’s personalities influence their response to water currents and weak magnetic fields. Fishes with the same personalities are separated based on their explorative behavior. Then, their rheotactic orientation behavior in a swimming tunnel with a low flow rate and under different magnetic conditions is observed.

Abstract

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as personality. Here, we describe a behavioral protocol designed for the study of the influence of zebrafish personality on their orientation response to multiple external environmental cues, specifically water currents and magnetic fields. This protocol aims to understand whether proactive or reactive zebrafish display different rheotactic thresholds (i.e., the flow speed at which the fish start swimming upstream) when the surrounding magnetic field changes its direction. To identify zebrafish with the same personality, fish are introduced in the dark half of a tank connected with a narrow opening to a bright half. Only proactive fish explore the novel, bright environment. Reactive fish do not exit the dark half of the tank. A swimming tunnel with low flow rates is used to determine the rheotactic threshold. We describe two setups to control the magnetic field in the tunnel, in the range of the earth’s magnetic field intensity: one that controls the magnetic field along the flow direction (one dimension) and one that allows a three-axial control of the magnetic field. Fish are filmed while experiencing a stepwise increase of the flow speed in the tunnel under different magnetic fields. Data on the orientation behavior are collected through a video-tracking procedure and applied to a logistic model to allow the determination of the rheotactic threshold. We report representative results collected from shoaling zebrafish. Specifically, these demonstrate that only reactive, prudent fish show variations of the rheotactic threshold when the magnetic field varies in its direction, while proactive fish do not respond to magnetic field changes. This methodology can be applied to the study of magnetic sensitivity and rheotactic behavior of many aquatic species, both displaying solitary or shoaling swimming strategies.

Introduction

In the present study, we describe a lab-based behavioral protocol which has the scope of investigating the role of fish personality on the orientation response of shoaling fish to external orientation cues, such as water currents and magnetic fields.

The orienting decisions of animals result from weighing various sensory information. The decision process is influenced by the ability of the animal to navigate (e.g., the capacity to select and keep a direction), its internal state (e.g., feeding or reproductive needs), its ability to move (e.g., locomotion biomechanics), and several additional external factors (e.g., time of day, interaction ....

Protocol

The following protocol has been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (2015).

1. Animal Maintenance

1. Use tanks of at least 200 L to host a shoal of at least 50 individuals of both sexes in each tank.
   NOTE: The density of the fish in the tank has to be one animal per 2 L or lower. Under these conditions, zebrafish will display normal shoaling behavior.
2. Set the maintenance conditions as follow: temperature at 27–28 °C; conductivity at <500 μS; pH 6.5–7.5; NO₃ at <0.25 mg/L; and a light:dark photoperiod at 10 h:14 ....

Results

As sample data we present results obtained controlling the magnetic field along the water flow direction on proactive and reactive shoaling zebrafish¹⁶ using the setup shown in Figure 2A (see section 3 of the protocol). These results show how the described protocol can highlight differences in responses to the magnetic field in fish with different personalities. The overall concept of these trials relies on the finding that the directi.......

Discussion

The protocol described in this study allows scientists to quantify complex orientation responses of aquatic species resulting from the integration between two external cues (water current and geomagnetic field) and one internal factor of the animal, such as personality. The overall concept is to create an experimental design that allows scientists to separate individuals of different personality and investigate their orientation behavior while controlling separately or simultaneously the external environmental cues.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
9500 G meter	FWBell	N/A	Gaussmeter, DC-10 kHz; probe resolution:  0.01 μT
AD5755-1	Analog Devices	EVAL-AD5755SDZ	Quad Channel, 16-bit, Digital to Analog Converter
ALR3003D	ELC	3760244880031	DC Double Regulated power supply
BeagleBone Black	Beagleboard.org	N/A	Single Board Computer
Coil driver	Home made	N/A	Amplifier based on commercial OP (OPA544 by TI)
Helmholtz pairs	Home made	N/A	Coils made with standard AWG-14 wire
HMC588L	Honeywell	900405 Rev E	Digital three-axis magnetometer
MO99-2506	FWBell	129966	Single axis magnetic probe
Swimming apparatus	M2M Engineering Custom Scientific Equipment	N/A	Swimming apparatus composed by peristaltic pump and SMC Flow switch flowmeter with digital feedback
TECO 278	TECO	N/A	Thermo-cryostat