Biomechanical Testing of Murine Tendons

Summary

The protocol describes efficient and reproducible tensile biomechanical testing methods for murine tendons through the use of custom-fit 3D printed fixtures.

Abstract

Tendon disorders are common, affect people of all ages, and are often debilitating. Standard treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, rehabilitation, and surgical repair, often fail. In order to define tendon function and demonstrate efficacy of new treatments, the mechanical properties of tendons from animal models must be accurately determined. Murine animal models are now widely used to study tendon disorders and evaluate novel treatments for tendinopathies; however, determining the mechanical properties of mouse tendons has been challenging. In this study, a new system was developed for tendon mechanical testing that includes 3D-printed fixtures that exactly match the anatomies of the humerus and calcaneus to mechanically test supraspinatus tendons and Achilles tendons, respectively. These fixtures were developed using 3D reconstructions of native bone anatomy, solid modeling, and additive manufacturing. The new approach eliminated artifactual gripping failures (e.g., failure at the growth plate failure rather than in the tendon), decreased overall testing time, and increased reproducibility. Furthermore, this new method is readily adaptable for testing other murine tendons and tendons from other animals.

Introduction

Tendon disorders are common and highly prevalent among the aging, athletic, and active populations^1,2,3. In the United States, 16.4 million connective tissue injuries are reported each year⁴ and account for 30% of all injury-related physician office visits^3,5,6,7,8. The most commonly affected sites include the rotator cuff, Achilles tendon, and patellar tendon⁹. Altho....

Protocol

Animal studies were approved by Columbia University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mice used in this study were of a C57BL/6J background and were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). They were housed in pathogen-free barrier conditions and were provided food and water ad libitum.

1. Development of custom-fit 3D printed fixtures for gripping bone

1. Bone image acquisition and 3D bone model construction
   1. Dissect the bone of interest in preparation for 3D model creation and 3D bone grip printing; the humerus and the calcaneus are used as examples in the current protocol.
      NOTE: D....

Results

3D-printed fixtures were used to test 8-week old murine supraspinatus and Achilles tendons. All mechanically tested samples failed at the enthesis, as characterized by microCT scans, visual inspection, and video analysis after tensile tests. A one-to-one comparison of the previous and current methods for supraspinatus tendon testing in our laboratory is shown in Figure 3. In the previous method^28,29,30

Discussion

Murine animal models are commonly used to study tendon disorders, but characterization of their mechanical properties is challenging and uncommon in the literature. The purpose of this protocol is to describe a time efficient and reproducible method for tensile testing of murine tendons. The new methods reduced the time required to test a sample from hours to minutes and eliminated a major gripping artifact that was a common problem in previous methods.

Several steps described in this protocol.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Agarose	Fisher Scientific	BP160-100	Dissovle 1g in 100 ml ultrapure water to make 1% agarose
Bruker microCT	Bruker BioSpin Corp	Skyscan 1272	Used by authors
ElectroForce	TA Instruments	3200	Testing platform
Ethanol 200 Proof	Fisher Scientific	A4094	Dilute to 70% and use as suggested in protocol
Fixture to attach grips	Custom made		Used by authors
Kimwipes	Kimberly-Clark	S-8115	As suggested in protocol
MicroCT CT-Analyser (Ctan)	Bruker BioSpin Corp		Used by authors for visualizing and analyzing micro-CT scans
MilliQ water (Ultrapure water)	Millipore Sigma	QGARD00R1 (or related purifier)	100 ml
Meshmixer	Autodesk	http://www.meshmixer.com/	Free engineering software used by authors to refine mesh
Objet EDEN 260VS	Stratasys LTD		Precision Prototyping
Objet Studio	Stratasys LTD		Used by authors with 3D printer
PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline	ThermoFisher Scientific	10010031	2.5 L of 10% PBS
S&T Forceps	Fine Science Tools	00108-11	Used by authors
Scalpel Blade - #11	Fine Science Tools	10011-00	Used by authors
Scalpel Handle - #3	Fine Science Tools	10003-12	Used by authors
SkyScan 1272	Bruker BioSpin Corp		Used by authors for visualizing and analyzing micro-CT scans
Skyscan CT-Vox	Bruker BioSpin Corp		Used by authors for visualizing and analyzing micro-CT scans
SkyScan NRecon	Bruker BioSpin Corp		Used by authors for visualizing and analyzing micro-CT scans
SolidWorks CAD	Dassault Systèmes	SolidWorks Research Subsription	Solid modeling computer-aided design used by authors
SuperGlue	Loctite	234790	As suggested in protocol
Testing bath	Custom made		Used by authors
Thin film grips	Custom made		Used by authors
VeroWhitePlus	Stratasys LTD	NA	3D printing material used by authors
WinTest	WinTest Software		Used by authors to collect data