Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Summary

The footpad inoculation model is a valuable tool for characterizing viral-induced neuroinflammatory responses in vivo. In particular, it provides a clear assessment of viral kinetics and associated immunopathological processes initiated in the peripheral nervous system.

Abstract

This protocol describes a footpad inoculation model used to study the initiation and development of neuroinflammatory responses during alphaherpesvirus infection in mice. As alphaherpesviruses are main invaders of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), this model is suitable to characterize the kinetics of viral replication, its spread from the PNS to CNS, and associated neuroinflammatory responses. The footpad inoculation model allows virus particles to spread from a primary infection site in the footpad epidermis to sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the epidermis, sweat glands, and dermis. The infection spreads via the sciatic nerve to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and ultimately through the spinal cord to the brain. Here, a mouse footpad is inoculated with pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus closely related to herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This model demonstrates that PRV infection induces severe inflammation, characterized by neutrophil infiltration in the footpad and DRG. High concentrations of inflammatory cytokines are subsequently detected in homogenized tissues by ELISA. In addition, a strong correlation is observed between PRV gene and protein expression (via qPCR and IF staining) in DRG and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the footpad inoculation model provides a better understanding of the processes underlying alphaherpesvirus-induced neuropathies and may lead to the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. In addition, the model can guide research on peripheral neuropathies, such as multiple sclerosis and associated viral-induced damage to the PNS. Ultimately, it can serve as a cost-effective in vivo tool for drug development.

Introduction

This study describes a footpad inoculation model to investigate the replication and spread of viruses from the PNS to CNS and associated neuroinflammatory responses. The footpad inoculation model has been intensively used to study alphaherpesvirus infection in neurons^1,2,3. The main objective of this model is to allow neurotropic viruses to travel a maximal distance through the PNS before reaching the CNS. Here, this model is used to obtain new insights in the development of a particular neuropathy (neuropathic itch) in mice infected with pseudorabies virus (PRV).

Protocol

All animal experiments were performed in accordance to a protocol (number 2083-16 and 2083-19) reviewed and approved by the Institution Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Princeton University. This work was done by strictly following the biosafety level-2 (BSL-2) requirements, to which we have a fully equipped lab approved by the Princeton University biosafety committee. The procedures including mouse footpad abrasion, viral inoculation, mouse dissection, and tissue collection were performed in a biological safety cabinet (BSC) in the Princeton University biocontainment animal facility room. Those performing the procedure wore disposable gowns, head cover, eye p....

Results

The mouse footpad inoculation model allows for characterization of the immunopathogenesis of alphaherpesvirus infection in vivo, including replication and spread of the infection from the inoculated footpad to the nervous system and the induction of specific neuroinflammatory responses.

In this study, we first abraded the mouse hind footpad and either mock-inoculated or inoculated the abraded region with a virulent strain of PRV (PRV-Becker). The site of abrasion was visible in the control foo.......

Discussion

The footpad inoculation model described here is useful to investigate the initiation and development of neuroinflammatory responses during alphaherpesvirus infection. Moreover, this in vivo model is used to establish the kinetics of replication and spread of alphaherpesvirus from the PNS to CNS. This is an alternate to other inoculation models, such as the flank skin inoculation model, which relies on deep dermal scratching¹³, or the intracranial route, which directly introduces the virus into the.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Antibody anti-PRV gB	Made by the lab		1/500 dilution
Aqua-hold2 pap pen red	Fisher scientific	2886909
Compact emery boards-24 count (100/180 grit nail files)	Revlon
Complete EDTA-free Protease Inhibitor Cocktail	Sigma-Aldrich	11836170001
C57BL/6 mice (5-7 weeks)	The Jackson Laboratories
DAPI solution (1mg/ml)	Fisher scientific	62248	1/1000 dilution
Disposable sterile polystyrene petri dish 100 x 15 mm	Sigma-Aldrich	P5731500
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)	Hyclone, GE Healthcare life Sciences	SH30022
Dulbecco's Phophate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution	Hyclone, GE Healthcare life Sciences	SH30028
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	Hyclone, GE Healthcare life Sciences	SH30088
Fine curved scissors stainless steel	FST	14095-11
Fluoromount-G mounting media	Fisher scientific	0100-01
Formalin solution, neutral buffered 10%	Sigma-Aldrich	HT501128
Isothesia Isoflurane	Henry Schein	NDC 11695-6776-2
Microcentrifuge tube 2ml	Denville Scientific	1000945
Microtube 1.5ml	SARSTEDT	72692005
Negative goat serum	Vector	S-1000
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Gibco	154022
Precision Glide needle 18G	BD	305196
Razor blades steel back	Personna	9412071
RNA lysis buffer (RLT)	Qiagen	79216
Stainless Steel Beads, 5 mm	Qiagen	69989
Superfrost/plus microscopic slides	Fisher scientific	12-550-15
Tissue lyser LT	Qiagen	69980
Tissue-Tek OCT	Sakura	4583
488 (goat anti-mouse)	Life Technologies	A11029	1/2000 dilution