Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents

Summary

Rip currents are among the deadliest meteorological hazards in the United States. In order to demonstrate the proper actions to take when caught in a rip current in a memorable and engaging way, a virtual reality video game is developed.

Abstract

Beachgoers in the United States face many different hazards, but rip currents are annually the deadliest for ocean swimmers. Despite the risk presented by rip currents, it is apparent that the public has a limited understanding of their danger and the proper mitigating actions to take when caught in one. A virtual reality (VR) video game placing participants in a simulated rip current was developed to help ameliorate this issue. The VR game was used to survey beachgoers on the Atlantic Coast of Long Island, New York during July and August 2019. The actions participants took when confronted with the rip current were recorded, along with whether they escaped it or drowned. An interview with each player was also conducted after they partook in the game to determine the realism of the rip current simulation and its effectiveness in demonstrating proper actions to take when impacted by one. Analysis of those results indicates that VR has potential to communicate rip current risk and ways to minimize it in a unique and engaging manner. However, further work is needed to improve ease of use of the VR simulation and better understand how factors such as demographics influence perceived rip current risk and behavioral response.

Introduction

Rip currents are “strong, narrow flows of water that extend away from the beach¹.” Rip currents can commonly occur on any beach with breaking waves and can transport swimmers quickly away from shore. Hazardous rip currents can occur on seemingly ‘safe’ beach days with wave heights of only 2 to 3 feet², and thus can surprise swimmers as they are carried a considerable distance from shore. This puts swimmers at risk of panic, exhaustion, and even drowning. As a result, rip currents are one of the leading causes of weather fatalities in the United States. For example, in 2018, 71 deaths were attributed to rip currents, and for the 10-year period 2009-2018, an average of 58 individuals perished each year³. Rip currents are the leading hazard for beachgoers; in 2018, rip current deaths represented 65% of all ‘surf zone’ fatalities in the United States. There seems to be some demographic control on rip current vulnerability, as one study found that men are over six times more likely than females to drown from rip currents than females⁴. Moreover, additional research found that infrequent beach users are more likely to make poorer beach safety choices⁵ and that non-locals are considerably more likely than locals to sustain injury in the surf zone^6,7.

Nevertheless, despite their place among the deadliest weather hazards in the United States, rip currents are poorly understood by the public. A survey of 392 public beach users in Texas determined that only 13% could correctly identify a rip current from photographs presented to them⁸, while similar results were found in studies conducted in Pensacola Beach, Florida⁹ (15%) and Miami Beach, Florida¹⁰ (27%). More broadly, Houser et al (2017)⁵ performed an Internet-based survey with 1622 respondents across 49 of the 50 US states and found that 54% of the participants correctly reported an action to take when caught in a rip current. However, the self-selected nature of the survey sample dictated that only 10% of the sample was infrequent beach users, who are most vulnerable to rip currents and were shown in the survey to possess less knowledge of what to do in one.

It is clear that rip currents present a unique challenge, given that they are poorly understood by the public, can occur suddenly over small scales with minimal or no prior warning, and may result in death. Thus, new approaches are needed to address this public safety challenge. Immersive technology such as virtual reality (VR) provides an innovative approach to increase rip current literacy and encourage positive behavior upon impact. Prior research has indicated that VR and similar types of immersive media are highly effective at communicating information. VR is generally defined as an interactive experience taking place within a simulated environment that incorporates auditory and visual feedback, usually with the assistance of a headset. One recent study¹¹ asserted that VR is a mature technology, well-suited to assist in the scientific inquiry process. Moreover, other recent research¹² showed that when individuals read a New York Times story with a VR supplement, they were more likely to perceive the source as being credible, recall the information presented, share it with others, and feel an emotional connection, than those who read the article in traditional media, with just text and graphics. Additional studies^13,14 concluded that immersive media promotes education by increasing engagement and real-world applicability of a topic. Most recently, researchers¹⁵ leveraged VR to simulate a Category 3 hurricane landfall and determined that survey respondents viewing the VR were significantly more likely to consider evacuation than those only viewing traditional text and graphic products. Despite its clear utility, no studies or initiatives have shown comprehensively how VR can be effectively applied to the unique challenge of training beach users to better locate and react to rip currents. The present work fills that research gap by first teaching individuals how to swim and wave in a virtual ocean environment and then evaluating how they react to the sudden and unwarned onset of a rip current. Participants were trained in both swimming and waving for help because each of those actions are regarded as valid responses when caught in a rip current^16,17, with conditions particular to an individual rip often dictating which action might be most effective in facilitating escape¹⁸. We hypothesize that the realistic and memorable nature of a VR rip current simulation will allow participants to successfully take evasive action in the virtual game and then report that the experience enhanced their knowledge of rip current risk and mitigation. 

Protocol

All methods used were approved by the Hofstra University Institutional Research Board (IRB). The VR video game developed was used to survey 64 individuals.

NOTE: Scripts were written in the C# language, and are available for download at: https://github.com/Jasebern/HofstraVR.

1. Creation of VR rip current video game: Virtual environment and user input/output

1. Open VR development platform (e.g., Unity¹⁸). This procedure was completed in Unity 2018.3.1f1.
   1. Start a new 3D project entitled ‘Rip Current.’ A 3D project contains one or multiple scenes comprising of ‘game objects’ that can appear as solid objects¹⁹. Scripts can be added to game objects allowing for interactivity and real time changes to the environment. This project will contain four scenes and numerous game objects.
   2. Open the Unity Asset Store tab. This contains ‘prefabs’-- already-created collections of 2D and 3D game objects and audio files -- developed by other users that can be added to the project²⁰.
   3. Import the ‘Oculus Integration’ asset from the Unity Asset Store that provides foundational assets for VR development.
2. Create the first new scene: Main Menu (Figure 1).
   1. Use Assets | Create | Terrain Layer and then add appropriate coloring to create a hilly green terrain asset as an appealing background for the main menu scene.
   2. Use GameObject | UI | Canvas to add a new canvas, entitled Main Menu, with a text box for the title VR Simulation. A canvas is a game object that stores text and buttons allowing user interaction and specified events in the simulation based on that input⁴.
   3. Attach scripts, written in the C# language, to a game object. Add the script by selecting the desired target game object in the scene hierarchy. Then, in the Inspector tab, select Add Component | New script, and enter the desired script title.
   4. Follow the above procedure to add the script entitled MainMenu to the Main Menu canvas.
      NOTE: Please see Table 1 for title and function of all scripts used.
   5. Use GameObject | UI | Button to add four text buttons to the canvas: Start, Options, About, and Quit. Call appropriate function from MainMenu and MouseHover scripts when a button is selected.
3. Create the second new scene: Buoy Test (Figure 2).
   1. Download the Realistic Water asset from the Unity Asset Store and add the Sea prefab to the scene.
      1. Add an audio file of ocean waves to the Sea prefab on loop. Add from the Inspector tab by selecting Add Component | Audio Source.
   2. Use the terrain layer tool as above to create a Game Object named Beach. In the Terrain options in the Inspector tab, use the Paint Terrain and Terrain Settings tool to style and color as sand.
   3. Download the Standard Assets package from the Unity Asset Store and add the Player prefab to the scene. The Player prefab includes a Camera that is embedded within the Player, thus following its movements to create the sensation that the game participant is controlling the Player.
      1. As performed above, add the PlayerController, PlayerMotor, PlayerMotor2, and FloatObject scripts to the Player prefab. Those scripts allow the game participant to control the Player prefab by using Oculus VR Controllers.
      2. Add an animation to the Camera by selecting Assets | Create | Animator Controller. Use the Animator Window to record an animation of the Camera bobbing up and down and set it to loop continuously. This simulates a person keeping afloat in the ocean.
      3. As performed above, add a Canvas entitled TextCanvas. Child TextCanvas to the Player by dragging it into Player in the hierarchy. A child game object inherits the movement and rotation properties of the parent game object. Add the text “Swim through the buoys” to TextCanvas. Record an audio file reading that text, add it to TextCanvas as performed above, and set it to play at the start of the scene.
      4. Set the player location by navigating to the inspector tab and adjusting the Position in the Transform options. Set player location to X=-23.44, Y=1, and Z=5.97.
   4. Download the VR Hands and FP Arms Pack from the Unity Asset Store and as above child the ‘FP_Character’ prefab to the Player. This will allow the arms to move with the Player and also bob up and down with the Player Camera.
      1. Choose the desired prefab by selecting it in the hierarchy and checking the box next to its name. The FP_Character prefab contains both male and female prefabs, each containing two arms, left and right.
   5. Add a new Game Object by right clicking in the Hierarchy and selecting Create Empty. Name the Game Object Checkpoint.
   6. Download the Simple Buoy asset from Unity Asset Store and add the Buoy prefab to the scene as a child of the Checkpoint. Duplicate the Buoy prefab by right clicking on it and selecting Duplicate. Name one ‘buoy L’ and the other ‘buoy R,’ and place them 4 units part in the X axis by adjusting the transform position of each as above. Set the location for buoy L at X=-2, Y=0, and Z=0, and location for buoy R at X=2, Y=0, Z=0.
      1. In the Inspector tab for the Checkpoint Game Object, select Add Component | Physics | Box Collidor. Then, select Edit Collider and draw the collider between the two buoys.
      2. As above, add the Checkmark script to the Checkpoint Game Object. The script exits the scene once the Player enters it (i.e., swims through the buoys) and transitions to the next scene.
4. Create the third new scene: Wave Test (Figure 3) by selecting File | Save As while still in the Buoy Test scene and renaming it.
   1. Delete the Checkpoint Game Object by right clicking on it in the Hierarchy and selecting Delete.
   2. Add a simple wooden boat to the scene by downloading the Old Wooden Row Boat v2 asset from the Unity Asset Store and add the Boat prefab to the scene. Adjust the Transform position of the boat as above to X=-12, Y=-0.16, and Z=14.66.
   3. Download the Low Poly Animated People asset from the Unity Asset Store and add the Kid prefab to the scene. Duplicate the Kid prefab as above and child both to the Boat prefab, renaming the Game Object to Boat with kids, and locating the two kids on top of the two seats in the boat.
   4. As above, add an Animator to the Boat with kids Game Object, and record an animation of the boat slowly circling around the water, emulating a rowboat slowly moving around.
   5. Navigate to the Player prefab and its children in the Hierarchy window and rename the left hand to ‘wave hand.’
      1. As above, add an Animator to the wave hand and record an animation of the arm and hand moving up and down simulating a hand wave.
      2. As above, in the Inspector tab for the Player Game Object, add an Audio Source with an audio clip of a hand splashing in water, distinct from the clip of two arms splashing in the water added earlier.
      3. As above, add the FemaleAnimate script to the wave hand, to allow the game participant to control the hand wave using the Oculus Controllers.
   6. Adjust the text in TextCanvas to read ‘Wave to the people on the boat!,’ record an audio file reading that text, and set it to play at the start of the scene.
   7. Based on the PlayerMotor2 script, as soon as the participant sees the boat and waves, Unity transitions to the Rip Current scene.
5. Create the fourth new scene: Rip Current (Figure 4).
   1. Adjust the text in TextCanvas to read ‘You are being pulled from shore!’ and as above, record an audio file reading that text, add it to TextCanvas, and set it to play at the start of the scene.
      NOTE: Do not explicitly state that the participant is experiencing a rip current, in order to most accurately simulate being unexpectedly caught in a rip current. 
   2. As above, create a new Game Object in the hierarchy named rip_collider and add a Box Collider. To use rip_collider to emulate a rip current as a narrow channel of flow extending from the beach into the ocean, use transform to set the position to X, =251, Y=1, Z=251, and change the scale to X=8.2 and Z=35.7 to create appropriate dimensions. The PlayerMotor2 script also simulates a rip current by constantly pulling the Player perpendicular (away) from shore (i.e., beach terrain). This rip current is a constant force 1.25 times stronger than the normal player swimming motions.
      1. Select GameObject | Effects | Particle System to add a new particle system, entitled ‘Rain Basic,’ and child it to rip_collider. A particle system emulates liquid entities in 3D such as rain and clouds. The particle system is used to simulate foamy water, which helps demarcate a rip current in ocean water. To do so, in the Inspector tab set the transform position to X=0, Y=3, and Z=0.97, and scale X=0.1 and Z=0.1, in order to embed the particles within the rip current channel.
   3. As above, use the Inspector tab to add the RipExit script to the rip_collider Game Object. The script records whether the Player escapes the Rip Current (i.e., exits the rip_collider collider).
      NOTE: As described in Table 1, the PlayerMotor2 script controls most aspects of the Rip Current scene, by exiting the scene and returning back to the Main Menu scene once any of the following conditions is met:
      -- Player waves
      -- Player exits rip_collider
      -- Stamina reaches zero
      The script also writes out the results of player interaction in the scene to a file, used for later data analysis on overall participant interactions with the rip current.
6. To build the final project, select File | Build Settings and ensure all four scenes created are checked off and in the proper order. Then, select the platform PC, Mac & Linux Standalone and select Build. This will prompt a selection window for a build output folder. Select a suitable folder (i.e., ‘Desktop’) and then build. This will create an executable file shortcut in the desired folder entitled ‘Rip Current.’

2. Survey individuals with the VR rip current video game

1. Open up the ‘Oculus’ software using the desktop shortcut, and then set up the hardware through the program. Ensure that the headset, two sensors, and two controllers are all showing as green (Figure 5).
   1. Determine a survey location and recruitment method. In this study, convenience sampling was employed. The researchers visited a public beach two times per week for eight weeks during July and August and solicited potential participants while they walked along the beach promenade. Besides being at least 16 years of age, there was no other requirement besides willingness to participate.
2. Administer survey part one (consent form and demographic questions) on a separate iPad.
3. Hand the VR controllers to the participant and make sure they are holding them properly in the correct hands, and are familiar/comfortable with the controls, and then fit the headset on the participant.
4. Select and run the Rip Current shortcut from the Desktop.
5. Allow the participant to proceed through the simulation, providing coaching/advice only when necessary. They should complete the main rip current scene on their own.
6. Once they finish, remove the headset and begin part two of the survey, the interview portion.
7. Plug a microphone into a tablet and begin recording. Ask questions regarding prior knowledge and experience with rip currents and the efficacy of the rip current simulation at demonstrating the proper actions to take, as well rating of its realism and immersive nature.
8. Once the interview is complete, stop recording, thank the participant, and provide compensation as desired. Save the interview file with name corresponding to date and player number as recorded in the Rip Current scene.

Representative Results

The VR rip current video game survey was conducted in July and August 2019 on Long Island at the Town of Hempstead Beach in Point Lookout, New York (detailed results can be found in Supplementary Table 1-3). 64 individuals played the game and responded to the survey, with 60 escaping the rip current and 4 drowning (i.e., stamina reached zero). Among the 60 who escaped, 51 exited by waving for help, and 9 did so by physically swimming out of the rip. Given that most participants waved for help as a means of escape, the amount of time taken in the simulation was skewed towards higher values, with a mean of 11.1 s, median of 9.5 s, and standard deviation of 6.2 s (Figure 6a). Conversely, the ending stamina was skewed towards lower values, with a mean of 36.8, median of 41.3, and standard deviation of 15.3 (Figure 6b). Most participants were able to accurately assess the situation and determine an appropriate course of action to escape the rip current relatively quickly. However, there was a slight uptick in ending stamina closer to zero (i.e., between 0 and 12). That finding may have been caused by the heavy breathing (which began playing when stamina fell below 20) helping individuals realize they were in more imminent danger, and as a result, they changed their strategy and were able to escape before stamina reached zero.

After completing the video game, participants were asked a series of dichotomous, Likert, and open-ended questions regarding the VR and its effectiveness. There were 51 respondents to the Likert-scale question (scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being highest) asking if they felt better prepared for a rip current after interacting with the VR. The average response was 3.81, with a minimum of 1, maximum of 5, and standard deviation of 1.01. Moreover, 61 individuals responded to a similar Likert-scale question asking about how immersive the VR experience was, with an average of 3.96, minimum of 2, maximum of 5, and standard deviation of 0.79. Participants were also asked if they had been caught in a rip current prior to playing the game, and if so, how the VR compared to real life. 17 individuals responded to the latter question, with 7 stating that the simulation bore at least some resemblance to real life. 7 of the respondents found that the VR was not as realistic or scary as real life, while 4 asserted that it was not at all similar.

In addition, participants were provided with a set of six brief statements meant to capture their opinion of the VR experience and asked which they most agreed with (Table 2). Of the 58 respondents to that question, 53 selected statements stating that the VR helped them feel better prepared for a rip current, with only 5 selecting ones saying it did not help. 30 of the 58 chose the statement that said the VR helped them feel better prepared because it was realistic, and 19 chose the one stating it helped because it was scary or made them felt worried. Last, users were asked to identify the most and least useful aspects of the VR, along with any suggestions for improvement. 19 individuals provided useful aspects of the simulation, with the most common being its realism (6), the inclusion of VR (3), instruction provided (3), and ability to wave (3). Conversely, 6 respondents reported the least useful aspects, with 3 of the 6 mentioning the short duration of the game as a negative. Accordingly, regarding the improvements, there were 19 responses, with 13 suggesting an expansion of the simulation such as more scenarios, additional training, or more options.

Figure 1. Main Menu scene. Opening scene of the VR experience. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2. Buoy test scene. First training scene in the VR experience. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 3. Wave test scene. Second training scene in the VR experience. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 4. Rip current scene. User evaluation scene in the VR experience. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 5. VR hardware setup screen. Demonstrates proper configuration for connecting virtual reality equipment to a computer. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 6. Results of rip current virtual reality video game (A) Bar chart showing ending stamina of all participants (B) Bar chart showing time taken for all participants. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Script Name	Script Function	Scenes Used
MainMenu	Controls menu buttons	Main Menu
MouseHover	Controls highlighting of menu buttons	Main Menu
PlayerController	1) Stores user input from Oculus controller joystick	Main Menu, Buoy Test, Wave Test, Rip Current
	2) Stores user input from head movements in Oculus headset
PlayerMotor	1) Physically move the player in the environment (i.e., swim) based on input from PlayerController script	Buoy Test, Wave Test, Rip Current
	2) Rotates the camera view based on input from PlayerController script
PlayerMotor2	1) Inherits and extends functionality of PlayerMotor	Buoy Test, Wave Test, Rip Current
	2) If player is swimming, plays a sound of arms splashing in water
	For Rip Current Scene Only:
	3) Applies a constant drifting motion to player away from the beach to simulate being pulled away from shore in a rip current
	4) Creates and tracks ‘Stamina’ variable based on a timer and user input; Stamina begins at 60 and decreases by 1*second if player is stationary and by 3*second if player is swimming
	5) Creates a timer variable which tracks time elapsed in Rip Current Scene
	6) Assigns each user a unique player number based on date and sequential player of that day
	7) If player waves, print player number, current Stamina, time elapsed, and player condition (‘Waved’) in a text document; transition to Main Menu (also transitions from Wave Test scene to Rip Current scene)
	8) If player escapes rip current, print player number, current Stamina, time elapsed, and player condition (‘Escaped’) in a text document; transition to Main Menu
	9) If player stamina reaches zero, print player number, current Stamina [0], time elapsed, and player condition (‘Drowned’) in a text document; transition to Main Menu
Checkmark	If player swims between buoys, entering the collider box, transition to next training scene (Wave Test)	Buoy Test
FloatObject	The water has no collider, meaning the player should fall straight through the water due to gravity. This script simulates floating to keep the player at the level of the water.	Buoy Test, Wave Test, Rip Current
FemaleAnimate	If player presses the ‘A’ or ‘X’ button on the Oculus controller, initiates a hand waving animation in the left player arm, and plays an audio clip of a hand splashing water	Wave Test, Rip Current
Buyoancy2	Records whether or not the hand is waved in a scene and if in Rip Current scene, record in PlayerMotor2 script that player waved	Wave Test, Rip Current
RipExit	1) If player exits rip current collider box, record in PlayerMotor2 script that player escaped the rip current	Rip Current
	2) If stamina is below 20, start playing heavy breathing audio emanating from the player

Table 1. Scripts developed for project. Scripts were written in the C# language.

Positive Statements

i) The VR experience helped me feel be better prepared because it was realistic.

ii) The VR experience helped me feel be better prepared because it was scary/or made me feel worried.

iii) The VR experience helped me feel be better prepared because it taught me what to do.

Negative Statements

i) The VR experience did not help me feel be better prepared because it was not realistic.

ii) The VR experience did not help me feel be better prepared because it was scary and/or made me feel worried.

iii) The VR experience did not help me feel be better prepared because it did not teach me what to do.

Table 2. Brief statements regarding rip current virtual reality experience. Participants were asked to select which one they most agreed with.

Supplementary Table 1. Individual VR simulation results. Please click here to download this file.

Supplementary Table 2. Aggregated survey demographic results. Please click here to download this file.

Supplementary Table 3. Selected post-VR interview results. Please click here to download this file.

Discussion

Preliminary analysis of the results from the follow-up survey demonstrates the VR rip current video game was generally effective in accurately portraying risk and demonstrating proper actions to take in an engaging and memorable way. Respondents to the Likert-scale questions indicated the VR simulation resulted in them feeling more prepared than not for a rip current and also that it was fairly immersive. Moreover, the results of choosing one of six brief statements clearly showed the video game was helpful given that over 90% of the selections were positive. Similarly, in free response questions, numerous participants lauded the VR for characteristics such as its realism and interactivity. The overall player outcomes of the video game also underscored the efficacy of the experience at conveying proper actions to take in a rip current. 60 of the 64 participants successfully escaped the rip, most of them by waving for help, and the majority also took an evasive action quickly.

Some feedback also indicates that improvements can be made to this and future VR simulations developed. Indeed, more instruction might be necessary, especially for individuals with less experiencing playing video games and using VR. Additional optional training scenes are one possibility for allaying those concerns. Further, realism can always be improved to make the VR experience more relatable and meaningful for participants. To do so, enhancements such as physically moving one’s arms to swim (instead of using a joystick controller) and further distinguishing the rip current from the surrounding ocean water can be incorporated.

The results of the survey also provide unique insight into individual behavioral responses to a rip current scenario. For example, 51 of the 64 participants were able to escape the rip current by waving for help. However, in the follow-up survey, only 20 of those participants stated that waving or calling for help was the preferred action to take in the rip current. It is possible some of the inconsistency in knowledge versus action can be explained by the survey order, as the instructions for waving always occurred just before the rip current simulation, which may have predisposed some individuals to wave for help in escaping the rip. Thus, randomizing the order of the training scenes could allow for even more realistic results in the future. It is also possible, however, that the intensity (i.e., feeling of being quickly pulled from shore) and rapid onset of the simulated rip current caused individuals to either forget, or be deterred from attempting, a more complicated, riskier evasive action: swimming parallel to shore. This is further confirmed by the fact that 20 respondents mentioned swimming parallel (or ‘sideways’) to shore was a proper action to take, but only 9 participants escaped the rip current in that manner.

Moreover, the gap between rip current knowledge and action, and resultant personal risk, was demonstrated by individuals believing they knew the proper response, but then performing an incorrect one. Four participants drowned (i.e., stamina reached zero) in the simulation, despite all four of them stating afterwards that they knew want to do in a rip current. Three of the four, however, reported an incorrect evasive action, with the fourth also showing a limited understanding of what to do, mentioning that they should swim ‘away out of it,’ but not specifying a direction to swim. Similarly, 45 of the 64 survey respondents affirmed they would know if they were caught in a rip current. Of those 45, however, 10 clearly demonstrated in their responses that they did not actually know what a rip current was, confusing it with a phenomenon such as an ‘undertow’ that pulls individuals underwater and may involve large waves. Thus, the combined results of the VR simulation and survey indicate two primary obstacles in rip current risk communication: 1) Some individuals do not know what a rip current is, or have incorrect knowledge of a rip current, and therefore may not take the proper mitigating action, and 2) When caught suddenly in a rip current, even individuals who know what to do in one may forget or disregard those actions, potentially exposing themselves to risk.

Future research can expand upon this work in order to better understand how sociodemographic factors influence personal mitigation of rip current risk. For instance, 57 of the 64 participants in the present survey reported living within 30 minutes of the beach, while 54 stated they visited at least ‘occasionally.’ However, many rip current fatalities involve individuals residing far from the beach who may only visit once a year or less for vacation. Future surveys can be conducted at more neutral locations or online to gain a broader sample and understand behavioral differences in rip current reaction between those who visit the beach more and less frequently.

Undoubtedly, VR has the unique ability to allow users to conceptualize risk and learn proper mitigating actions in a memorable way. Improved understanding of its current shortcomings, especially as they pertain to certain demographic characteristics, will allow researchers and emergency managers to capitalize on immersive technology in a nuanced way and develop the next generation of effective warning products.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Dell 17.3" Alienware 17 R5 Laptop	Dell		PC for virtual reality development
Oculus Rift S	Oculus		Virtual reality headset