Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding

Summary

Detailed investigations on mosquito stages of malaria parasites are critical to design effective transmission blocking strategies. This protocol demonstrates how to effectively culture infectious gametocytes and then feed these gametocytes to mosquitoes to generate mosquito stages of P. falciparum.

Abstract

Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Malaria is a mosquito borne disease transmitted through an infectious bite from the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria control will eventually rely on a multitude of approaches, which includes ways to block transmission to, through and from mosquitoes. To study mosquito stages of malaria parasites in the laboratory, we have optimized a protocol to culture highly infectious Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes, a parasite stage required for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector. P. falciparum gametocytes mature through five morphologically distinct steps, which takes approximately 1-2 weeks. Gametocyte culture described in this protocol is completed in 15 days and are infectious to mosquitoes from days 15-18. These protocols were developed to maintain a continuous cycle of infection competent gametocytes and to maintain uninterrupted supply of mosquito stages of the parasite. Here, we describe the methodology of gametocyte culture and how to infect mosquitoes with these parasites using glass membrane feeders.

Introduction

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and is transmitted to their vertebrate hosts via infectious bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. According to the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) report, there were an estimated 405,000 deaths, from a total of 228 million cases of malaria¹. Most of the malaria related deaths were concentrated in the African region, especially among children below five years of age. While the overall incidence rate of malaria has declined globally from 2010, in recent years decline has plateaued and additional control strategies are urgently needed to eliminate the disease.

Protocol

Blood collections described below have been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Johns Hopkins University. P. falciparum is cultured in fresh RBCs under sterile conditions in a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) facility and caution is used to handle biological materials. After each step involving blood or blood products, every plasticware or glassware is rinsed with 10% bleach within the hood prior to proper disposal.

1. Reagents and preparation

1. Parasite isolate P. falciparum NF54 (see Table of Materials) was used, which can produce infectious gametocytes for up to two months while in continuou....

Results

Here we present results from a series of membrane feeds using P. falciparum NF54 gametocyte cultures generated using the protocol above (see (Figure 5). Gametocyte culture was initiated with approximately 0.5% mixed stage asexual culture on Day 0, which grew to a peak parasitemia of approximately 15% by Day 4 and Day 5. As shown in Figure 5A at this high parasitemia, the parasites are stressed and the asexual stage culture crashes. However, this stress .......

Discussion

Methods described here have been successfully used at the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute for more than 10 years^{15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22}. Gametocytes produced using this protocol have been used for high throughput gametocytocidal assays

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10% Sugar solution
10ml serological pipet	Falcon	357551
15 ml conical tube	Falcon	352096
1ml serological pipet	Falcon	357521
25 ml serological pipet	Falcon	357535
37°C Incubator
50 ml conical tube	Falcon	352070
5ml serological pipet	Falcon	357543
6 well tissue culture plates	Falcon	353046
70% Ethanol
9" glass pipet	Fisherbrand	13-678-6B
Anopheles Mosquitoes	JHMRI, Insectary core		We use A. stephensi or A. gambiae (keele)
cell counter
Circulating water bath
fine tip forceps	Fisherbrand	12-000-122
Geimsa stain	Sigma	GS1L
Glass desiccator
Glass membrane feeder	Chemglass Life Sciences	CG183570
Glass slides	Fisherbrand	12-552-3
HBSS	Sigma	H6648
Human Blood O+	JHU		Wash RBCs three times with RPMI and refrigerate at 50% heamatocrit
Human Serum O+	Interstate blood bank		Pool at-least 6 units of serum from different donors and freeze down aliquots at -20°C.
Hypoxanthine	Sigma	H9337	Make 500x stock in 1M NaOH
Mercurochrome	Sigma	M7011	Prepare 1% stock solution in PBS that can be diluted to 0.1% when needed
Micro Pipette
Microscope	Olympus		Any microscope with 10x, 40x and 100x objective will work.
Mosquito cups	Neptune cups
N-acetylglucosamine	Sigma	A3286	Optional and needed only when pure gametocytes are required.
Netting			Make sure it can contain mosquitoes and allow blood feeding
Parafilm
PBS
Petri dish	Thermo Scientific	249964
Pipet tips
Pipetman
Plasmodium falciparum NF54	BEI Resources	MRA-1000	Freeze down large numbers of early passage culture to make sure you have a constant supply
RPMI 1640	Corning	CV-041-CV	Media contains glutamine and HEPES
Slide warmer
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma	S6297	Optional for media, add only when using malaria gas mix during culture incubation
water bath
Xanthurenic Acid	Sigma	D120804	For flagellation media