A Capsule-Based Model for Immature Hard Tick Stages Infestation on Laboratory Mice

Summary

In this study, a feeding system for nymphal and larval stages of hard tick was developed using a capsule attached to laboratory mouse. The feeding capsule is made from flexible materials and remains firmly attached to the mouse for at least one week and allows comfortable monitoring of tick feeding.

Abstract

Ticks are obligatory blood feeding parasites at all stages of development (except eggs) and are recognized as vectors of various pathogens. The use of mouse models in tick research is critical for understanding their biology and tick-host-pathogen interactions. Here we demonstrate a non-laborious technique for the feeding of immature stages of hard ticks on laboratory mice. The benefit of the method is its simplicity, short duration, and the ability to monitor or collect ticks at different time points of an experiment. In addition, the technique allows attachment of two individual capsules on the same mouse, which is beneficial for a variety of experiments where two different groups of ticks are required to feed on the same animal. The non-irritating and flexible capsule is made from easily accessible materials and minimizes the discomfort of the experimental animals. Furthermore, euthanasia is not necessary, mice recover completely after the experiment and are available for re-use.

Introduction

Ticks are important vectors of several pathogens and represent a serious risk to animal and human health¹. Setting up an effective feeding system is crucial when studying their biology, tick-host-pathogen interactions, or establishing effective control measures. Currently, several artificial feeding systems, which avoid the use of live animals are available for ticks^2,3,4 and these should be utilized whenever experimental conditions allow. However, in various experimental settings these systems fail to appropriately mimic the specific physiologic features and the use of live animals is necessary to achieve relevant results.

Laboratory mice are commonly used for the study of many biological systems and are routinely utilized as hosts for feeding ticks^5,6,7,8,9. The two most common methods of feeding immature ticks on mice include free infestations and the use of confinement chambers attached to the mouse. Free infestations are primarily used for larval stages and engorged ticks can drop to an area where they can be recovered. Confinement chambers are usually composed of acrylic or polypropylene caps which are glued to the mouse’s back. The first technique is an effective natural system for tick feeding but does not allow close monitoring during the experiment because the individual ticks are dispersed in different parts of the host body. Additionally, engorged ticks that drop to a recovery area can become contaminated with feces and urine^{10,11,12,13,14} that may severely affect the tick fitness or they can be damaged or eaten by the mouse if there is no separation between the animal and the recovery area¹⁵. Chamber-based systems allow the confinement of ticks to a defined area, however, the gluing process is laborious and the caps are often weakly adherent to the glue and thus they often detach during the experiment^16,17,18,19. The caps are also stiff, uncomfortable, and lead to skin reactions, which prevent the re-use of the mice and necessitates their euthanasia after the experiment.

In our previous study, we successfully developed an effective system using chambers made of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam for feeding ticks on laboratory rabbits²⁰. Herein, we adapted this system to a mouse model and propose a simple and clean method to feed immature hard tick stages in closed capsules made from EVA-foam. Specifically, our system uses elastic EVA-foam capsules glued to the shaved mice back with fast drying (3 min), non-irritating latex glue. This technique allows firm and long-lasting attachment of capsules to the experimental mouse, as well as effective tick infestation/collection during the entire course of the experiment. The flat capsule is made from flexible materials and does not impede manipulation of the mouse for blood collection or other purposes. The system is suitable mainly for the nymphal tick stages, but with slight modification it can be used for feeding larvae as well. The method can be completed by one single experienced person and extensive training is not required.

Protocol

Please note that this protocol can be only applied when all welfare and safety measures are met in the laboratory. This protocol received permission to use mice for tick feeding by the Ethics Committee for Animal ExperimentsComEth Anses/ENVA/UPEC, Permit Numbers E 94 046 08. For the endpoint, the animals were exposed to CO₂ for 9 min in two phases of 4 and 5 min each one.

1. Preparation of the capsule

1. Stick 2 mm thick EVA-foam and the adhesive double sticky foam together (Figure 1A).
2. Using a 20 mm diameter leather hole punch, cut a circle from the sticked foam pieces. Then, using a 12 mm diameter hole punch, cut the interior to create the double foam circle (Figure 1B).
   NOTE: The frame thickness of the capsule should be greater than 3 mm in size to guarantee sufficient surface for the gluing process to the host skin (see below).
3. Peel the protective paper strip from the adhesive double sticky foam (Figure 1C) and attach a transparent circular plastic of 20 mm diameter (Figure 1D).
   NOTE: If feeding larvae, do not remove the protective paper strip from the adhesive foam and directly move to the step 2 in the protocol. Glue the double foam ring, including protective paper strip to the mouse.
4. Make a ~ 1 cm slit in the transparent plastic (Figure 1E).
5. Create at least 10 small holes with an entomological pin (Figure 1F) to allow excessive moisture evaporation during the experiment.
   NOTE: The capsule (Figure 1G) has a total height of 4 mm (2 mm EVA-foam together with 2 mm adhesive foam) and can be used to feed nymphs and larvae of all the hard tick species. The capsule size (Figure 1H) of 20 mm outer diameter is suitable for most of the mouse strains but can be modified if necessary.

2. Preparation of the mice before tick infestation

NOTE: In this study, 10 - 12 weeks old female experimental mice (strain C57BL/6 and BALB/cByJ) were maintained in standard cages with food and water offered ad libitum (Green line ventilated racks at -20 Pa) at the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) accredited animal facilities in Maisons-Alfort, France. Animals were monitored twice daily by experienced technicians for any abnormal skin reactions, health problems or complications.

1. Anesthetize mouse with isoflurane in the induction chamber. Once anesthetized, place mouse to the manipulation pad and attach to a nose cone for the continuous isoflurane supply (Figure 2A). Monitor the breathing rate and reduce isoflurane level to ensure it is less than 80 breaths per minute.
   NOTE: Prior to the manipulation, label the individual mouse by tattooing or radio-frequency identification chip if necessary. It is recommended to keep the individual mice in separate cages to avoid capsule damage by biting.
2. Shave the anterior part of the mouse from behind the shoulder blades up to the area just behind the ears (Figure 2A).
   NOTE: The shaved area should be greater than the capsule surface.
3. Apply non-irritating latex glue to the entire EVA-foam site of the prepared capsule and wait for 1 min (Figure 2B).
4. Glue the capsule to the mouse back by slight 3 min constant pressure with the finger(s) (Figure 2C), especially on the left and right side of the capsule. Slightly lift the capsule to visually check its attachment to the skin. If non-attached regions are found, apply more glue using a spatula and press for another 3 minutes.

3. Tick Infestation

1. For nymph infestation, introduce the individual nymphs into the capsule via the cut made in step 1.4 (Figure 2D).
   NOTE: For Ixodes tick species a maximum of 20 nymphs is recommended per one capsule.
2. Slightly squeeze the capsule from two sides to allow the transparent plastic to bend for easier introduction of individual nymphs using fine dissection forceps (Figure 2D). Push the individual nymphs via the cut inside the capsule. Once inside, turn the forceps in 90˚ and pull out the forceps to deposit ticks inside the capsule.
3. For larvae infestation remove the paper slip from the attached capsule (Figure 2E). Place the syringe, containing larvae (Figure 2F), directly inside the capsule and deposit ticks by pushing the syringe plunger. Gently turn the plunger towards the skin to remove the remaining larvae attached.
   NOTE: Place larvae into a 1 mL syringe with cut end plugged by piece of cotton prior to the experiment.
4. Once the larvae are deposited onto the skin, close the capsule by attaching the transparent plastic (Figure 2G).
5. Apply the protective plastic band around the capsule (Figure 2H).
   NOTE: The protective plastic band greatly improved the durability of the capsule for the entire duration of the experiment (Figure 2I,J). It is possible to attach two capsules to one individual mouse (Figure 2K). In this case, a minimum of 3 mm space between the capsules is required and the shaved area should be increased appropriately.
6. Return the mice to the cage.

4. Collection of Ticks

1. Anesthetize the mouse as in step 2.1 above.
2. Make a cross shaped cut (Figure 3A) to the plastic with a scalpel.
   NOTE: This cross shaped cut enables easy collection of engorged ticks or detachment of the feeding ticks if necessary.
3. If needed, reclose the capsule by sticking an adhesive plastic patch to the transparent plastic (20 mm diameter, Figure 3B).
   NOTE: If collection of ticks at multiple time points is desired, the same sticky plastic patch can be used. If the protocol requires, one may also euthanize the mouse, remove the capsule, and collect/detach the ticks (Figure 3C).

5. Recovery of the mice

1. Keep the mice in cage for one additional week.
2. Let the capsule detach naturally.
   NOTE: In this case, it takes about 8-9 days for capsules to fall off. When the capsule is removed, it is important to check for abnormal reactions on the skin of the mice. In case of irritation apply an emollient lotion, although normally no treatment is required. If the ethical protocol allows, the recovered mice (Figure 3D) can be reused for another tick infestation or different experiment(s).

Results

We propose the detailed step-by step method for feeding immature hard tick stages in EVA-foam capsules applied to a mouse’s back (Figure 2). This non-laborious protocol is suitable for various types of experiments when precise tick monitoring and collection is required. The main advantages of this method are its simplicity, easily accessible cost-effective materials, and short duration. In addition, we succeeded in attaching two capsules to one mouse individual (Figure 2...

Discussion

The most critical step in the protocol is firm gluing of the capsule to the mouse skin. Therefore, the latex glue should be homogenously applied to the entire EVA-foam surface of the capsule and constant pressure for 3 minutes should be applied, especially to the left and right side of the capsule. We also recommend placement of the capsule as far forward on the back as possible to avoid its removal by the mouse using its rear paws. In our experiments, only the adhesion of the EVA-foam and latex glue to the mouse skin ha...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
EVA-foam 2 mm thick, (low density)	Cosplay Shop	EVA-45kg (950/450/2 mm)	It can be ordered also via Amazon (ref. no. B07BLMJDXD)
Heat Shrink Tubing Electric Wire Wrap Sleeve 31mm/1.22 inches	Amazon	B0848S3S6T	Different diameters of Heat Shrink Tubing are available via Amazon.
Mice BALB/cByJ	Charles River	Strain code 627
Mice C57BL/6	Charles River	Strain code 664
No-toxic Latex Glue	Tear mender	Fabric & Leather Adhesive	Also available also via Amazon (ref. no. B001RQCTUU)
Punch Tool Hand Art Tool	Amazon	B07QPWNGBF	Saled by amazon as Leather Working Tools 1-25mm Round Steel Leather Craft Cutter Working for Belt Strap
PVC Binding Covers Transparent	Amazon	B078BNLSNP	Any transparent PVC sheet of ticknes between 0.150 mm to 0.180 mm is suitable
Self Adhesive Pad Sponge Double Coated Foam Tape	Amazon	B07RHDZ35J	Saled by amazon as 2 Rolls Double Sided Foam Tape, Super Strong White Mounting Tape Foam
Transparent seal stickers (20 mm diameter circles)	Amazon	B01DAA6X66