Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling

Summary

This protocol describes the use of silicon nanowires for intracellular optical bio-modulation of cell in a simple and easy to perform method. The technique is highly adaptable to diverse cell types and can be used for in vitro as well as in vivo applications.

Abstract

Myofibroblasts can spontaneously internalize silicon nanowires (SiNWs), making them an attractive target for bioelectronic applications. These cell-silicon hybrids offer leadless optical modulation capabilities with minimal perturbation to normal cell behavior. The optical capabilities are obtained by the photothermal and photoelectric properties of SiNWs. These hybrids can be harvested using standard tissue culture techniques and then applied to different biological scenarios. We demonstrate here how these hybrids can be used to study the electrical coupling of cardiac cells and compare how myofibroblasts couple to one another or to cardiomyocytes. This process can be accomplished without special equipment beyond a fluorescent microscope with coupled laser line. Also shown is the use of a custom-built MATLAB routine that allows the quantification of calcium propagation within and between the different cells in the culture. Myofibroblasts are shown to have a slower electrical response than that of cardiomyocytes. Moreover, the myofibroblast intercellular propagation shows slightly slower, though comparable velocities to their intracellular velocities, suggesting passive propagation through gap junctions or nanotubes. This technique is highly adaptable and can be easily applied to other cellular arenas, for in vitro as well as in vivo or ex vivo investigations.

Introduction

All biological organisms use electricity, in the form of ions, to regulate the cellular behavior. Cell membranes contain various types of specific ion channels allowing the passive and active transport of ions. These ions govern the functions of excitable cells, such as neuronal activity and skeletal and cardiac muscle contractility. However, bioelectricity also plays an important role in non-excitable cells, governing many cellular functions such as cell proliferation¹, neuroimmunity^2,3,4, and stem cell differentiation⁵.

Protocol

To ensure compliance with ethical standards, all animal procedures related to isolating cardiomyocytes from rodent hearts were first approved by the University of Chicago Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Additionally, all animal experiments were conducted in complete accordance with guidance from the University of Chicago IACUC.

1. Preparation of cell-SiNWs hybrids

1. Isolate primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) using a commercial kit following manufacturer’s guidelines.
2. Prepare complete DMEM for primary cell isolation supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and....

Results

The ability of this methodology to allow direct access to the intracellular cytosol depends on the spontaneous internalization of the SiNW into the cells. Although SiNWs will undergo spontaneous internalization into many cell types¹⁵, some cells, such as cardiomyocytes and neurons, will need the SiNWs to be treated to allow their internalization¹⁹. In this protocol we describe the internalization process of p-i-n SiNWs with 200-300 nm diameter and ~1-3 µm long into cardiac .......

Discussion

We have demonstrated here a simple way to perform intracellular electrical stimulation of cells. In this demonstration, we used MFs that were prehybridized with SiNWs, then co-cultured with CMs. In general, most proliferating cells have the tendency to internalize SiNWs, which allows the use of this methodology with many other cell types. Moreover, while we demonstrated the intracellular stimulation of cells, the same principles can be used to perform extracellular stimulation of cells. This can be done by blocking endos.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
35 mm Glass bottom dishes	Cellvis	D35-10-0-N
3i Marianas Spinning Disk Confocal	3i
Calcein-AM	Invitrogen	C1430
CellMask Orange Plasma membrane Stain	Invitrogen	C10045
Collagen I, rat tail	Gibco	A1048301
Deluxe Diamond Scribing Pen	Ted Pella	54468
DMEM, high glucose, pyruvate, no glutamine	Gibco	10313039
DMSO, Anhydrous	Invitrogen	D12345
Falcon Standard Tissue Culture Dishes	Falcon	08-772E
Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated,	Gibco	10082147
Fibronectin Human Protein, Plasma	Gibco	33016015
Fisherbrand 112xx Series Advanced Ultrasonic Cleaner	Fisher Scientific	FB11201
Fluo-4, AM, cell permeant	Invitrogen	F14201
FluoroBrite DMEM Media	Gibco	A1896701
L-Glutamine (200 mM)	Gibco	25030081
OKO full environmental control chamber (constant temperature, humidity and CO2)	OKO
PBS, pH 7.4	Gibco	10010023
Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)	Gibco	15140122
Pierce Primary Cardiomyocyte Isolation Kit	Thermo Scientific	88281
Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red	Gibco	25200056