Quantifying the Effects of Antimicrobials on In vitro Biofilm Architecture using COMSTAT Software

Summary

Antimicrobial-induced changes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture differ among clinical isolates cultured from patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary infection. Following confocal microscopy, COMSTAT software can be utilized to quantify variations in biofilm architecture (e.g., surface area, thickness, biomass) for individual isolates to assess the efficacy of anti-infective agents.

Abstract

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that rely on a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance for protection and structural integrity. The nosocomial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is known to adopt a biofilm mode of growth, causing chronic pulmonary infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The computer program, COMSTAT, is a useful tool for quantifying antimicrobial-induced changes in P. aeruginosa biofilm architecture by extracting data from three-dimensional confocal images. However, standardized operation of the software is less commonly addressed, which is important for optimal reporting of biofilm behavior and cross-center comparison. Thus, the aim of this protocol is to provide a simple and reproducible framework for quantifying in vitro biofilm structures under varying antimicrobial conditions via COMSTAT. The technique is modeled using a CF P. aeruginosa isolate, grown in the form of biofilm replicates, and exposed to tobramycin and the anti-Psl monoclonal antibody, Psl0096. The step-by-step approach aims to reduce user ambiguity and minimize the chance of overlooking crucial image-processing steps. Specifically, the protocol emphasizes the elimination of subjective variations associated with the manual operation of COMSTAT, including image segmentation and the selection of appropriate quantitative analysis functions. Although this method requires users to spend additional time processing confocal images prior to running COMSTAT, it helps minimize misrepresented biofilm heterogenicity in automated outputs.

Introduction

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms oriented in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is very complex, consisting primarily of bacterial cells, water, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids¹, all of which make biofilms distinctly different from free-living planktonic cells. Biofilm EPS are adherent to each other and various surfaces. The EPS matrix has properties that mediate cell-to-cell exchange of metabolites, genetic material, and compounds used for intercellular signaling and defense². These properties collectively provide biofilms structural integrity....

Protocol

1. Bacterial isolate collection

1. Obtain P. aeruginosa isolates from a cohort of pediatric patients with CF undergoing eradication treatment with inhaled tobramycin at SickKids (Toronto). Freeze isolates at -80 °C in glycerol citrate and sub-culture at least three times prior to use.

2. In vitro biofilm formation

NOTE: Use a chambered coverglass method¹ for in vitro biofilm formation with modifications. The overall workflow of this model is shown in Figure 1.

1. Grow P. aeruginosa isolate o....

Results

A P. aeruginosa isolate cultured from an infected patient with CF is used to demonstrate the strengths of this approach in accurately quantifying antimicrobial-induced changes in in vitro biofilm architecture. The overall workflow of this model is represented in Figure 1. The image-processing and COMSTAT analysis procedure in ImageJ is shown in Figure 2. A simple histogram thresholding approach for image segmentation in ImageJ, applied to a CLS.......

Discussion

There is no prescribed method for quantitatively comparing three-dimensional images of in vitro biofilm structures, and procedures described in this context are often difficult to standardize due to inter-operator variability²⁰. Thus, this protocol offers a simple and reproducible framework for COMSTAT applications seeking to quantify changes in in vitro biofilm architecture under varying antimicrobial conditions. The strengths of this technique are modeled using a CF P. aeru.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Anti-Psl mAb, Psl0096	Medimmune
Blood Agar (TSA with 5 % Sheep Blood) Medium	Fisher Scientific	R01200
Eight-well Chambered Coverglass w/ non-removable wells	Thermo Fisher Scientific	155411
Invitrogen SYTO 9 Green Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Stain	Thermo Fisher Scientific	S34854
LB BROTH (LENNOX), Liquid Autoclave Sterilized	BioShop Canada	LBL666
Tobramycin, 900 µg/mg	Alfa Aesar by Thermo Fisher Scientific	J66040	It is recommended to perform a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for every batch made to ensure quality control of antimicrobial potency
Quorum Volocity 6.3	Quorum Technologies		Image analysis software