Detection of Glycosaminoglycans by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining

Summary

This report describes techniques to isolate and purify sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from biological samples and a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis approach to approximate their size. GAGs contribute to tissue structure and influence signaling processes via electrostatic interaction with proteins. GAG polymer length contributes to their binding affinity for cognate ligands.

Abstract

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are ubiquitous in living organisms and play a critical role in a variety of basic biological structures and processes. As polymers, GAGs exist as a polydisperse mixture containing polysaccharide chains that can range from 4000 Da to well over 40,000 Da. Within these chains exists domains of sulfation, conferring a pattern of negative charge that facilitates interaction with positively charged residues of cognate protein ligands. Sulfated domains of GAGs must be of sufficient length to allow for these electrostatic interactions. To understand the function of GAGs in biological tissues, the investigator must be able to isolate, purify, and measure the size of GAGs. This report describes a practical and versatile polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-based technique that can be leveraged to resolve relatively small differences in size between GAGs isolated from a variety of biological tissue types.

Introduction

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a diverse family of linear polysaccharides that are a ubiquitous element in living organisms and contribute to many basic physiological processes¹. GAGs such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) may be sulfated at distinct positions along the polysaccharide chain, imparting geographic domains of negative charge. These GAGs, when tethered to cell-surface proteins known as proteoglycans, project into the extracellular space and bind to cognate ligands, allowing for the regulation of both cis- (ligand attached to the same cell) and trans- (ligand attached to neighboring cell) signaling processes

Protocol

All biological samples analyzed in this protocol were obtained from mice, under protocols approved by the University of Colorado Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

1. Heparan sulfate isolation

1. Delipidation of tissue samples
   NOTE: Delipidation is an optional step for fat-rich tissues.
   1. Make a 1:1 mixture of methanol and dichloromethane. Prepare approximately 500 μL per sample; larger pieces of tissue may require up to 1 mL.
   2. Place each tissue sample into a small glass container with a lid for delipidation.
      NOTE: Sample mass may vary per tissue of interest and exp....

Results

Alcian blue is used to stain sulfated GAGs ¹⁰; this signal is amplified by use of a subsequent silver stain ¹¹. Figure 1 provides a visual demonstration of the silver staining development process. As demonstrated, the Alcian blue signal representing GAGs separated by electrophoresis is amplified as the developing agent penetrates the polyacrylamide gel. Typically, the developing process will reduce silver and Alcian blue-stained GAGs in a densi.......

Discussion

GAGs play a central role in many diverse biological processes. One of the principal functions of sulfated GAGs (such as HS and CS) is to interact with and bind to ligands, which can alter downstream signaling functions. An important determinant of GAG binding affinity to cognate ligands is the length of the GAG polymer chain ^8,9,14. For this reason, it is important for researchers to be able to define with reasonable precision t.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Accuspin Micro17 benchtop microcentrifuge	thermoFisher Scientific	13-100-675	Any benchtop microcentrifuge/rotor combination capable of 14000 xG is appropriate
Acrylamide (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP170-100	Electrophoresis grade
Actinase E	Sigma Aldrich	P5147	Protease mix from S. griseus
Alcian Blue 8GX (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	AC400460100
Ammonium acetate (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A639-500	Molecular biology grade
Ammonium hydroxide (liquid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A669S-500	certified ACS
Ammonium persulfate (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP179-25	electrophoresis grade
Barnstead GenPure Pro Water Purification System	ThermoFisher Scientific	10-451-217PKG	Any water deionizing/ purification system is an acceptable substitute
Boric acid (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A73-500	Molecular biology grade
Bromphenol blue (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	B392-5
Calcium acetate (solid)	ThermoFisher Scientific	18-609-432	Molecular biology grade
Calcium chloride (solid)	ThermoFisher Scientific	AC349610250	Molecular biology grade
CHAPS detergent (3-((3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate)	ThermoFisher Scientific	28299
Chondroitinase ABC	Sigma Aldrich	C3667
Criterion empty cassette for PAGE (1.0mm thick, 12+2 wells)	Bio-Rad	3459901	Any 1.0mm thick PAGE casting cassette system will suffice
Criterion PAGE Cell system (cell and power supply)	Bio-Rad	1656019	any comparable vertical gel PAGE system will work)
Dichloromethane (liquid)	thermoFisher Scientific	AC610931000	certified ACS
EDTA disodium salt (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	02-002-786	Molecular biology grade
Glacial acetic acid (liquid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A35-500	Certified ACS
Glycine (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	G48-500	Electrophoresis grade
Heparanase I/III	Sigma Aldrich	H3917	From Flavobacterium heparinum
Heparin derived decasaccharide (dp10)	galen scientific	HO10
Heparin derived hexasaccharde (dp6)	Galen scientific	HO06
Heparin derived oligosaccharide (dp20)	galen scientific	HO20
Hydrochloric acid (liquid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A466-250
Lyophilizer	Labconco	7752020	Any lyophilizer that can achieve -40C and 0.135 Torr will work; can also be replaced with rotational vacuum concentrator
Methanol (liquid)	thermoFisher Scientific	A412-500	Certified ACS
Molecular Imager Gel Doc XR System	Bio-Rad	170-8170	Any comparable gel imaging system is an acceptable substitute
N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP171-25	Electrophoresis grade
Phenol red (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	P74-10	Free acid
Q Mini H Ion Exchange Column	Vivapure	VS-IX01QH24	Ion exchange column must have minimum loading volume of 0.4mL, working pH of 2-12, and selectivity for ionic groups with pKa of 11
Silver nitrate (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	S181-25	certified ACS
Sodium Acetate (solid)	ThermoFisher Scientific	S210-500	Molecular biology grade
Sodium chloride (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	S271-500	Molecular biology grade
Sodium hydroxide (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	S392-212
Sucrose (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP220-1	Molecular biology grade
TEMED (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylenediamine)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP150-20	Electrophoresis grade
Tris base (solid)	thermoFisher Scientific	BP152-500	Molecular biology grade
Ultra Centrifugal filters, 0.5mL, 3000 Da molecular weight cutoff	Amicon	UFC500324	Larger volume filter units may be used, depending on sample size.
Urea (solid)	ThermoFisher Scientific	29700
Vacufuge Plus	Eppendorf	22820001	Any rotational vacuum concentrator will work; can be replaced with lyophilizer
Vacuum filter unit, single use, 0.22uM pore PES, 500mL volume	thermoFisher Scientific	569-0020	Alternative volumes and filter materials acceptable