Isolation of Active Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Extract and Reconstitution for In Vitro Transcription

Summary

Here, we describe a detailed protocol for isolating active nuclear extract from larval stage 4 C. elegans and visualizing transcription activity in an in vitro system.

Abstract

Caenorhabditis elegans has been an important model system for biological research since it was introduced in 1963. However, C. elegans has not been fully utilized in the biochemical study of biological reactions using its nuclear extracts such as in vitro transcription and DNA replication. A significant hurdle for using C. elegans in biochemical studies is disrupting the nematode's thick outer cuticle without sacrificing the activity of the nuclear extract. While several methods are used to break the cuticle, such as Dounce homogenization or sonication, they often lead to protein instability. There are no established protocols for isolating active nuclear proteins from larva or adult C. elegans for in vitro reactions. Here, the protocol describes in detail the homogenization of larval stage 4 C. elegans using a Balch homogenizer. The Balch homogenizer uses pressure to slowly force the animals through a narrow gap breaking the cuticle in the process. The uniform design and precise machining of the Balch homogenizer allow for consistent grinding of animals between experiments. Fractionating the homogenate obtained from the Balch homogenizer yields functionally active nuclear extract that can be used in an in vitro method for assaying transcription activity of C. elegans.

Introduction

The small, free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple yet powerful model organism for addressing a wide range of biological questions. Since its introduction in 1963, the nematodes have been invaluable to answering questions in neurobiology, metabolism, aging, development, immunity, and genetics¹. Some of the animal's many characteristics that make it an ideal model organism include short generation time, the effectiveness of RNA interference, transparent body, and the completed maps of both its cellular lineage and nervous system.

While the nematode's contributions to science are vast, ....

Protocol

1. Media preparations

1. Prepare sterile lysogeny broth (LB) agar plates and liquid media following the manufacturer's instructions.
2. Streak Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain OP50 on a LB agar plate. Incubate the bacteria streak at 37 °C overnight.
3. Store the E. coli OP50 streak plate at 4 °C after incubation. The E. coli OP50 plate can safely be stored at 4 °C for 2 weeks if wrapped in parafilm to prevent moisture loss.
4. Prepare 2 L of Nematode Growth Media (NGM) using the recipe in Table 1.
   NOTE: Nystatin is optional. Nystatin helps prevent mold, a....

Results

Following the outlined steps should yield functional nuclear extract (Figure 1), deviation in the grinding or wash steps can lead to poor activity or low yields. If functional C. elegans nuclear extract is obtained, it will transcribe the region downstream of the CMV promoter on the DNA template when added to the previously described in vitro assay. The resulting RNA transcript can be purified from the nuclear proteins and DNA template usin.......

Discussion

C. elegans is an appealing model organism to study the eukaryotic transcription system because of its low-cost maintenance and the ease of genetic manipulation. Here a protocol for consistent isolation of functionally active nuclear extract from L4 C. elegans is described. Although this protocol focused on visualizing transcription activity, the cDNA produced post-transcriptionally can be quantified using RT-qPCR to obtain a more precise measurement of the transcription activity⁸.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Consumables and reagents
0.2 mL 8-Strip Tubes & Flat Strip Caps, Clear	Genesee Scientific	24-706
0.2 mL Individual PCR tubes	Genesee Scientific	24-153G
1.7 mL sterile microtubes	Genesee Scientific	24-282S
100% absolute molecular grade ethanol	Fisher Scientific	BP2818
100% ethanol, Koptec	Decon Labs	V1001
10 mL serological pipet	VWR international	89130-898
150 mm petri plates	Tritech Research	T3325
15 mL conical centrifuge tubes	Genesee Scientific	28-103
20 mL plastic syringes	Fisher Scientific	14955460
2 mL Norm-Ject syringes	Henke-Sass Wolf GmbH	4020
500 mL vacuum filter cup 0.22 µm PES, Stericup Millipore Express Plus	Millipore Sigma	SCGPU10RE
50 mL conical centrifuge tubes	ThermoFisher Scientific	339652
50 mL serological pipet	VWR international	89130-902
5 mL serological pipet	VWR international	89130-896
Agar, Criterion	VWR International	C7432
Agarose	Denville Scientific	CA3510-6
Alcohol proof marker	VWR International	52877-310
Bacto peptone	VWR International	90000-264
Caenorhabditis elegans	CGC	N2
Calcium dichloride	Millipore Sigma	C4901
Cholesterol	Millipore Sigma	C8667
Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5’- ctc atg ttt gac agc tta tcg atc cgg gc -3’
Control DNA temple cloning primers, Forward 5’- aca gga cgg gtg tgg tcg cca tga t -3’
Deionized water
Dithiothreitol	Invitrogen	15508-013
DNA gel stain, SYBR safe	Invitrogen	S33102
DNA ladder mix, O’gene ruler	Fisher Scientific	SM1173
DNA Loading Dye, 6x TriTrack	Fisher Scientific	FERR1161
DNase, Baseline-ZERO	Lucigen	DB0715K
Dry ice
Escherichia coli OP50 strain	CGC	OP50
Glacial acetic acid	Fisher Scientific	A38
Glycerol	Millipore Sigma	G6279
HeLa nuclear extract in vitro transcription system, HeLaScribe	Promega	E3110
Hepes Solution, 1 M Gibco	Millipore Sigma	15630080
Hydrochloric acid 37%	Millipore Sigma	P0662
Hypochlorite bleach	Clorox
LB Broth	Millipore Sigma	L3022
Magnesium dichloride	Millipore Sigma	M8266
Magnesium Sulfate	Millipore Sigma	M7506
Medium weigh dishes	Fisher Scientific	02-202-101
microscope slides, Vista vision	VWR International	16004-368
molecular grade water, Hypure	Hyclone Laboratories	SH30538
Nystatin	Millipore Sigma	N1638
PCR system, FailSafe with premix A	Lucigen	FS99100
Potassium chloride	Millipore Sigma	P39111
Potassium phosphate dibasic	Millipore Sigma	P3786
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Millipore Sigma	P0662
Protease inhibitor, Halt single use cocktail 100x	ThermoFisher Scientific	78430
protein assay kit, Qubit	ThermoFisher Scientific	Q33211
reverse transcription kit, Sensiscript	Qiagen	205211
RNA extraction kit RNeasy micro kit	Qiagen	74004
RNase Inhibitor	Applied Biosystems	N8080119
Sodium Chloride	VWR International	BDH9286-12KG
Sodium hydroxide	Millipore Sigma	1-09137
Sterile syringe filter with 0.2 µm Polyethersulfone membrane	VWR international	28145-501
Sucrose	VWR International	200-334-9
transcription primers, Forward 5’- gcc ggg cct ctt gcg gga tat -3’
transcription primers, Reverse 5’- cgg cca aag cgg tcg gac agt-3’
Tris-Base	Fisher Scientific	BP152
Tween20	Millipore Sigma	P2287
Equipment
-20 °C incubator	ThermoFisher Scientific
20 °C incubator	ThermoFisher Scientific
37 °C incubator	Forma Scientific
4 °C refrigerator	ThermoFisher Scientific
-80 °C freezer	Eppendorf
Autoclave	Sanyo
Balch homogenizer, isobiotec cell homogenizer	Isobiotec
Benchtop Vortexer	Fisher Scientific	2215365
Centrifuge, Eppendorf 5418 R	Eppendorf	5401000013
Centrifuge, VWR Clinical 50	VWR International	82013-800
Dissection microscope, Leica M80	Leica Microsystems
Fluorometer, Qubit 2.0	Invitrogen	Q32866
Gel imaging system, iBright FL1500	ThermoFisher Scientific	A44241
Gel system	ThermoFisher Scientific
Heat block	VWR International	12621-048
Microcentrifuges, Eppendorf 5424	Eppendorf	22620401
PIPETBOY acu 2	Integra	155017
Pipette L-1000 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS	Rainin	17014382
Pipette L-10 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS	Rainin	17014388
Pipette L-200 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS	Rainin	17014391
Pipette L-20 XLS+, Pipet-Lite LTS	Rainin	17014392
Rocking platform	VWR International
Thermocycler, Eppendorf Mastercycler Pro	Eppendorf	950030010