CD Spectroscopy to Study DNA-Protein Interactions

Summary

The interaction of an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler with a DNA ligand is described using CD spectroscopy. The induced conformational changes on a gene promoter analyzed by the peaks generated can be used to understand the mechanism of transcriptional regulation.

Abstract

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is a simple and convenient method to investigate the secondary structure and interactions of biomolecules. Recent advancements in CD spectroscopy have enabled the study of DNA-protein interactions and conformational dynamics of DNA in different microenvironments in detail for a better understanding of transcriptional regulation in vivo. The area around a potential transcription zone needs to be unwound for transcription to occur. This is a complex process requiring the coordination of histone modifications, binding of the transcription factor to DNA, and other chromatin remodeling activities. Using CD spectroscopy, it is possible to study conformational changes in the promoter region caused by regulatory proteins, such as ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, to promote transcription. The conformational changes occurring in the protein can also be monitored. In addition, queries regarding the affinity of the protein towards its target DNA and sequence specificity can be addressed by incorporating mutations in the target DNA. In short, the unique understanding of this sensitive and inexpensive method can predict changes in chromatin dynamics, thereby improving the understanding of transcriptional regulation.

Introduction

Circular dichroism (CD) is a spectroscopic technique that relies on the inherent chirality of biological macromolecules that leads to differential absorption of right-handed and left-handed circularly polarized light. This differential absorption is known as circular dichroism. The technique, therefore, can be used to delineate the conformation of biological macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA, both of which contain chiral centers^1,2.

Electromagnetic waves contain both electric and magnetic components. Both the electrical and the magnetic fields oscillate perpendicular to the d....

Protocol

1. Working concentration of the reaction components

1. Prepare the working concentrations of buffers for CD and other reaction components freshly (see Table 1) and keep them at 4 °C before setting up the reactions.
   NOTE: For the CD reactions described in this paper, the working concentrations of components are as follows: Sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) 1 mM, ATP 2 mM, DNA 500 nM, Protein 1 µM, MgCl₂ 10 mM, EDTA 50 mM, ADAADiN 5 µM.

2. ATPase activity

1. Before CD spectroscopy, establish the ATPase activity of the protein in the presence of the DNA ....

Results

ADAAD stabilizes a stem-loop like structure on the MYC promoter
Previous experimental evidence showed that SMARCAL1 is a negative regulator of MYC²⁹. Analysis of the 159 bp long promoter region of the MYC gene by QGRS mapper showed that the forward strand had the potential to form a G-quadruplex (Table 2). Mfold showed that both strands of the MYC DNA could form a stem-loop-like structure (<.......

Discussion

The purpose of this article is to introduce the CD spectroscopy technique as an approach to study the conformational changes occurring in the DNA in the presence of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins and to link these conformational changes to gene expression. CD spectroscopy provides a fast and easily accessible method to study the conformational changes in DNA.

A crucial point to be considered for this technique is the purity of the DNA and protein. It is advisable to ensure.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2-Mercaptoethanol	Fisher scientific	O3446I-100
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt hydrate	Sigmaaldrich	A2383
CD Quartz Cuvette	STARNA	21-Q-1
Chirascan V100 CD spectrometer	Applied Photophysics	Not available
EDTA Disodium Salt Dihydrate	SRL	43272
Glutathione Sepharose 4B	GE Healthcare	17-0756-01	Glutathione affinity chromatography
Hellmanex III cleaning solution	Hellma	9-307-011-4-507
L-Lactic Dehydrogenase	Sigmaaldrich	L2625
Magnesium Acetate Tetrahydrate	Fisher scientific	BP215-500
Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate	Fisher scientific	M33-500
NADH disodium salt	Sigmaaldrich	10107735001
Phosphoenolpyruvate Monocyclohexylammonium Salt	SRL	40083
Potassium Acetate	Fisher scientific	P178-3
Pyruvate Kinase	Sigmaaldrich	P1506
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous	Fisher scientific	S374-500
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate	Fisher scientific	S369-500
Synergy HT microplate reader	BioTek	Not available
Tris Base	Fisher scientific	BP152-500