CRISPR Gene Editing Tool for MicroRNA Cluster Network Analysis

Summary

This protocol describes a high-throughput clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene editing workflow for microRNA cluster network analysis that allows the rapid generation of a panel of genetically modified cell lines carrying unique miRNA cluster member deletion combinations as large as 35 kb within a single experiment.

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important cellular regulators (tumor suppressors, pro-oncogenic factors) of cancer and metastasis. Most published studies focus on a single miRNA when characterizing the role of small RNAs in cancer. However, ~30% of human miRNA genes are organized in clustered units that are often co-expressed, indicating a complex and coordinated system of noncoding RNA regulation. A clearer understating of how clustered miRNA networks function cooperatively to regulate tumor growth, cancer aggressiveness, and drug resistance is required before translating noncoding small RNAs to the clinic.

The use of a high-throughput clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated gene editing procedure has been employed to study the oncogenic role of a genomic cluster of seven miRNA genes located within a locus spanning ~35,000 bp in length in the context of prostate cancer. For this approach, human cancer cell lines were infected with a lentivirus vector for doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Cas9 nuclease grown in DOX-containing medium for 48 h. The cells were subsequently co-transfected with synthetic trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA) complexed with genomic site-specific CRISPR RNA (crRNA) oligonucleotides to allow the rapid generation of cancer cell lines carrying the entire miRNA cluster deletion and individual or combination miRNA gene cluster deletions within a single experiment.

The advantages of this high-throughput gene editing system are the ability to avoid time-consuming DNA vector subcloning, the flexibility in transfecting cells with unique guide RNA combinations in a 24-well format, and the lower-cost PCR genotyping using crude cell lysates. Studies using this streamlined approach promise to uncover functional redundancies and synergistic/antagonistic interactions between miRNA cluster members, which will aid in characterizing the complex small noncoding RNA networks involved in human disease and better inform future therapeutic design.

Introduction

Better research tools are needed to investigate the contribution of noncoding RNAs in human disease. MiRNA dysregulation is often observed in human disorders such as cancer when comparing the expression profiles of these small noncoding RNAs in the tissues and body fluids (e.g., blood, urine) of cancer patients versus noncancer, healthy individuals, employing microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and next-generation deep sequencing technologies^1,2. Recent work has characterized a large subset of these miRNAs as tumor suppressor, oncogenic, and metastasis factors that control tumor formation, disea....

Protocol

1. Preparation for CRISPR gene editing and guide RNA design to generate miRNA cluster knockout cell lines

1. Create a DNA file containing the complete genomic sequence of the miRNA cluster region of interest (intergenic, intronic) and at least 1 kB of surrounding genomic regions using a DNA sequence annotation software program¹⁹.
   1. Use a feature editing tool in the created DNA file to mark the targeted miRNA cluster locus (intergenic, intronic) and each individual miRNA hairpin sequence belonging to the miRNA cluster, as well as notating other nearby coding and noncoding genes and/or regulato....

Results

This high-throughput CRISPR deletion protocol was successfully employed using transfection of Cas9-inducible LNCaP and PC3-ML human cancer cell lines with synthetic oligonucleotide guide RNAs targeting the miR-888 cluster, which were studied in the context of prostate cancer. The miR-888 cluster was initially identified in an expression profiling screen as being elevated in prostate cancer patients with high-grade disease compared to low-grade and noncancer patients^9,1.......

Discussion

This CRISPR gene editing procedure allows the investigator to quickly generate an entire panel of cell lines carrying unique miRNA cluster deletion combinations. The transfection of synthetic guide RNAs composed of 5' and 3' genomic site-specific crRNAs annealed with synthetic tracrRNA (1:1 molar ratio) in this protocol avoids time-consuming plasmid vector subcloning and allows for a more flexible and high-throughput experimental design using a 24-well format. The generation of cell lines carrying a DOX-inducible.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.2 mL PCR tubes, flat cap	Fisher	14-230-225	Plasticware
1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tubes	Seal-Rite	1615-5500	Plasticware
24-well tissue culture plate	Corning Costar	09761146	Plasticware
5x Phusion HF Buffer	Thermo Scientific	F-518L	PCR reagent, genotyping
6-well tissue culture plate	Fisher	FB012927	Plasticware
96-well tissue culture plate	Falcon	08-772-2C	Plasticware
Anti-CRISPR-Cas9 antibody [7A9-3A3], Mouse monoclonal	AbCam	ab191468	Western blot reagent; 160 kDa; dilution 1:200
Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100x)	Gibco	15240062	Tisuue culture reagent
BLAST nucleotide search engine	National Center for Biotechnology Information	NA	Freeware; website: blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Blasticidin S, Hydrochloride, Streptomyces griseochromogenes	Calbiochem	CAS 589205	CRISPR reagent; Chemical, Working stock = 1 mg/mL in water
Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter	Invitrogen	A50298	Equipment; Cell counter
Cryogenic tubes	Thermo Scientific	50001012	Plasticware
Dharmacon CRISPR Design Tool	Horizon Discovery Ltd.	NA	Freeware; website: horizondiscovery.com/en/ordering-and-calculation-tools/crispr-dna-region-designer
DharmaFECT siRNA Transfection Reagent #2	Dharmacon, Inc.	T-2002-02	Transfection reagent; LNCaP and PC3-ML cell lines
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)	Fisher	BP231100	Tisuue culture reagent
DMEM Medium with L-Glutamine, 4.5g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate	Corning	MT10013CV	Tisuue culture reagent; Media for PC3-ML cells
Doxycycline Hydrochloride, Ready Made Solution	Sigma-Aldrich	D3072-1ML	CRISPR reagent; Chemical, Working stock = 1 mg/mL stock in water
DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium	Gibco	14190144	Tisuue culture reagent
Edit-R CRISPR-Cas9 Synthetic tracrRNA, 20 nmol, designed	Dharmacon, Inc.	U-002005-20	CRISPR reagent; Universal tracrRNA oligonucleotides
Edit-R Modified Synthetic crRNA, desalted/deprotected, 2 nmol	Dharmacon, Inc.	crRNA-460XXX	CRISPR reagent; Designed crRNA oligonucleotides
EditR Inducible Lentiviral hEF1aBlastCas9 Nuclease Particles, 50 μL, 107 TU/mL	Dharmacon, Inc.	VCAS11227	CRISPR reagent; Lenti-iCas9; Doxycycline-inducible lentiviral Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 vector system
Ensembl genomic viewer	Ensembl	NA	Freeware; website: [ensembl.org] Use: Genome browser to identify a nucleotide seuqnces containing the miRNA cluster and surrounding gene/regulatory sequences.
GAPDH Antibody (FL-335), rabbit polyclonal	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc25778	Western blot reagent; 37 kDa; dilution 1:500
Gel/PCR DNA Fragment Extraction Kit	IBI Scientific	IB47010	Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis reagent
Gibco Fetal Bovine Serum, certified	Gibco	16000044	Tisuue culture reagent
Hexadimethrine bromide	MilliporeSigma	H9268	CRISPR reagent; Chemical, Working stock = 0.8 mg/mL
Immobilon-FL PVDF Membrane	MilliporeSigma	IPFL10100	Western blot reagent; nitrocellulose
Intercept (TBS) Blocking Buffer	LI-COR	927-60001	Western blot reagent
IRDye 680RD Goat anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody	LI-COR	926-68070	Western blot reagent
IRDye 800CW Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary Antibody	LI-COR	926-32211	Western blot reagent
Microcentrifuge	Eppendorf	5425 R	Plasticware
miRBase microRNA viewer	miRBase	NA	Freeware; website: [mirbase.org] Use: Borowser lists all annotated miRNA hairpins, mature miRNA sequences and associated clustered miRNAs mapping within 10 kb.
NuPAGE 4 to 12%, Bis-Tris, 1.0 mm, Mini Protein Gel, 10-well	Invitrogen	NP0321BOX	Western blot reagent
Odyssey CLx Imaging System	LI-COR	CLx	Equipment; Western blot imaging
Opti-MEM Reduced Serum Medium	Gibco	31985062	Transfection reagent
Owl D2 Wide-Gel Electrophoresis System	Owl	D2-BP	Equipment; Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis system
PCR Primers, designed (single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides)	Integrated DNA Technology	NA	PCR reagent, genotyping
Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (2 U/µL)	Thermo Scientific	F530S	PCR reagent, genotyping
RIPA Lysis Buffer 10x	MilliporeSigma	20-188	Western blot reagent
Proteinase K Solution (20 mg/mL), RNA grade	Invitrogen	25530049	PCR reagent, genotyping
RNase A, DNase and protease-free (10 mg/mL)	Thermo Scientific	EN0531	PCR reagent, genotyping
RPMI 1640 Medium	Gibco	MT10041CV	Tisuue culture reagent; Media for LNCaP cells
SnapGene Viewer	Snap Gene	NA	Freeware; website: [snapgene.com] Use: DNA sequence annotation software program to create a DNA file for gRNA design and which  highlights the miRNA cluster locus (intergenic, intronic), each individual miRNA hairpin sequence belonging to the miRNA cluster, and other nearby coding and non-coding genes and/or regulatory features
TrypLE Select Enzyme (1x), no phenol red	Gibco	12563029	Tisuue culture reagent; Recombinant trypsin
UltraPure Agarose	Invitrogen	16500100	Nucleic acid gel electrophoresis reagent
Veriti 96-Well Fast Thermal Cycler	ThermoFisher Scientific	4375305	Equipment
XCell SureLock Mini-Cell Electrophoresis System	Invitrogen	EI0001	Equipment; Protein gel electrophoresis system