Fabrication of Micro-Patterned Chip with Controlled Thickness for High-Throughput Cryogenic Electron Microscopy

Summary

A newly developed micro-patterned chip with graphene oxide windows is fabricated by applying microelectromechanical system techniques, enabling efficient and high-throughput cryogenic electron microscopy imaging of various biomolecules and nanomaterials.

Abstract

A major limitation for the efficient and high-throughput structure analysis of biomolecules using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is the difficulty of preparing cryo-EM samples with controlled ice thickness at the nanoscale. The silicon (Si)-based chip, which has a regular array of micro-holes with graphene oxide (GO) window patterned on a thickness-controlled silicon nitride (Si_xN_y) film, has been developed by applying microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques. UV photolithography, chemical vapor deposition, wet and dry etching of the thin film, and drop-casting of 2D nanosheet materials were used for mass-production of the micro-patterned chips with GO windows. The depth of the micro-holes is regulated to control the ice thickness on-demand, depending on the size of the specimen for cryo-EM analysis. The favorable affinity of GO toward biomolecules concentrates the biomolecules of interest within the micro-hole during cryo-EM sample preparation. The micro-patterned chip with GO windows enables high-throughput cryo-EM imaging of various biological molecules, as well as inorganic nanomaterials.

Introduction

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been developed to resolve the three-dimensional (3D) structure of proteins in their native state^1,2,3,4. The technique involves fixing proteins in a thin layer (10-100 nm) of vitreous ice and acquiring projection images of randomly oriented proteins using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), with the sample maintained at liquid nitrogen temperature. Thousands to millions of projection images are acquired and used to reconstruct a 3D structure of the protein by computational algorithms

Protocol

1. Fabrication of micro-patterned chip with GO windows (Figure 1)

1. Deposit the silicon nitride.
   1. Deposit low-stress silicon nitride (Si_xN_y) on both sides of the Si wafer (4 inch diameter and 100 µm thickness) using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 830 °C and a pressure of 150 mTorr, under a flow of 170 sccm dichlorosilane (SiH₂Cl₂, DCS) and 38 sccm ammonia (NH₃).
   2. Using a deposition rate of ~30 Å/min, control the Si_xN_y thickness to be within 25-100 nm by varying the ....

Results

A micro-patterned chip with GO windows was fabricated by MEMS fabrication and 2D GO nanosheet transfer. Chips for micro-patterning were mass-produced, with about 500 chips produced from one 4 in wafer (Figure 1B and Figure 2A,B). The designs of the micro-patterned chips can be manipulated using different designs of the chromium mask (Figure 2) during the photolithography procedure. The fabricated micro-patterned chi.......

Discussion

The microfabrication processes for producing micro-patterned chips with GO windows are introduced here. The fabricated micro-patterned chip is designed to regulate the thickness of the vitreous ice layer by controlling the depth of the micro-hole with GO windows depending on the size of the material to be analyzed. A micro-patterned chip with GO windows was fabricated using a series of MEMS techniques and a 2D nanosheet transfer method (Figure 1). The major advantage of using the MEMS fabric.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP)	Sigma Aldrich, USA	443778
Acetone
AFM	Park Systems, South Korea	NX-10
Aligner	Midas System, South Korea	MDA-600S
AZ 300 MIF developer	AZ Electronic Materials USA Corp., USA	184411
Cryo-EM holder	Gatan, USA	626 single tilt cryo-EM holder
Cryo-plunging machine	Thermo Fisher SCIENTIFIC, USA	Vitrobot Mark IV
Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM)	FEI Company, USA	Helios NanoLab 650
Glow discharger	Ted Pella Inc., USA	PELCO easiGlow
Graphene oxide (GO) solution	Sigma Aldrich, USA	763705
Hexamethyldisizazne (HMDS), 98+%	Alfa Aesar, USA	10226590
Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD)	Centrotherm, Germany	LPCVD E1200
maP1205 positive PR	Micro resist technology, Germany	A15139
Potassium hydroxide (KOH), flake	DAEJUNG CHEMICALS & METALS Co. LTD., South Korea	6597-4400
Raman Spectrometer	NOST, South Korea	Confocal Micro Raman System HEDA
Reactive ion etcher (RIE)	Scientific Engineering, South Korea	Lab-built
SEM	Carl Zeiss, Germany	SUPRA 55VP
Si wafer	JP COMMERCE, South Korea		4" Silicon wafer, P(B)type, (100), 1-30ohm.c m, DSP, T:100um
Spin coater	Dong Ah Trade Corp., South Korea	ACE-200
TEM	JEOL, Japan	JEM-2100F