Label-Retention Expansion Microscopy (LR-ExM) Enables Super-Resolution Imaging and High-Efficiency Labeling

Summary

A protocol of label retention expansion microscopy (LR-ExM) is demonstrated. LR-ExM uses a novel set of trifunctional anchors, which provides better labeling efficiency compared to previously introduced expansion microscopies.

Abstract

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a sample preparation technique that can be combined with most light microscopy methods to increase the resolution. After embedding cells or tissues in swellable hydrogel, samples can be physically expanded three-to sixteen-fold (linear dimension) compared to the original size. Therefore, the effective resolution of any microscope is increased by the expansion factor. A major limitation of the previously introduced ExM is reduced fluorescence after polymerization and the digestion procedure. To overcome this limitation, label-retention expansion microscopy (LR-ExM) has been developed, which prevents signal loss and greatly enhances labeling efficiency using a set of novel trifunctional anchors. This technique allows one to achieve higher resolution when investigating cellular or subcellular structures at a nanometric scale with minimal fluorescent signal loss. LR-ExM can be used not only for immunofluorescence labeling, but also with self-labeling protein tags, such as SNAP- and CLIP-tags, thus achieving higher labeling efficiency. This work presents the procedure and troubleshooting for this immunostaining-based approach, as well as discussion of self-labeling tagging approaches of LR-ExM as an alternative.

Introduction

Expansion microscopy (ExM) has been used by researchers since it was first introduced as a convenient approach to achieve super resolution imaging with conventional microscopes, such as epifluorescence and confocal microscopes^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. Using ExM, it is possible to achieve ~70 nm lateral resolution even with regular confocal microscopes. When ExM is combined with super-resolution imaging, the resolution is further improved. For instan....

Protocol

1. Cell culture

1. Use U2OS cells cultured in McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.
2. Culture cells onto a 16 well removable chambered coverglass (culture area 0.4 cm²) for ease of handling.

2. Fixation and permeabilization

NOTE: Fixation and permeabilization conditions depend on the optimized immunostaining protocols. The following is a fixation and permeabilization protocol to co-immunostain microtubule and clathrin coated pits (CCPs).

1. Once cell counts reach ~0.04 x 10⁶, fix ....

Results

Clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) are immunostained using trifunctional anchors (Figure 1B) and LR-ExM is performed as described in Figure 1A. LR-ExM (Figure 2C,E) shows much higher fluorescence intensity compared to the protein-retention expansion microscopy (proExM, Figure 2A) or biotin-ExM (Figure 2B); the signal for LR-ExM was about six times higher than proE.......

Discussion

The key innovation of LR-ExM is to use trifunctional anchors to effectively label the target proteins and improve image quality. This method is limited by trifunctional anchors, which are not so readily available to researchers. However, trifunctional anchors can be shared with other researchers upon request, and similar products such as ExM probes from Chrometa are now commercially available as well.

In this protocol, 1 h incubation at room temperature has been performed for the primary .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acrylamide	Sigma	A9099	ExM Gel
AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG	Jackson ImmunoResearch	H+L, 711–005-152	Antibody
AffiniPure Donkey Anti-Rat IgG	Jackson ImmunoResearch	H+L, 712–005-153	Antibody
Alexa Fluor 488-Streptavidin	Jackson ImmunoResearch	016-540-084	Fluorescent probes
Alexa Fluor 594 Streptavidin	Jackson ImmunoResearch	016-580-084	Fluorescent probes
Alexa Fluor 647 Streptavidin	Jackson ImmunoResearch	016-600-084	Fluorescent probes
Ammonium Persulfate	Sigma	A3678	ExM Gel
anti-H3K4me3	Abcam	ab8580	Antibody
anti-H3K9me3	Abcam	ab176916	Antibody
DAPI dilacetate	Thermofisher Scientific	D3571	Fluorescent probes
DyLight 488 Labeled Anti-Digoxigenin/Digoxin (DIG)	Vector Laboratories	DI-7488	Fluorescent probes
DyLight 594 Labeled Anti-Digoxigenin/Digoxin (DIG)	Vector Laboratories	DI-7594	Fluorescent probes
EGTA	EMD Millipore Corp.	324626-25GM	Fixation buffer
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid	Sigma	EDTA	Digestion buffer
Glutaraldehyde 10% EM Grade	Electron Microscopy Sciences	50-262-13	Anchoring
Grace Bio-Labs CultureWell removable chambered coverglass	Grace Bio-Labs	GBL112358-8EA	Cell culture chamber
Grace Bio-Labs CultureWell removal tool	Grace Bio-Labs	GBL103259	Removal tool
Guanidine HCl	Sigma	G3272	Digestion buffer
Magnesium chloride	Sigma	M8266-1KG	Fixation buffer
McCoy's 5a	ATCC	30–2007	Celll culture medium
Methacrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester,98%  (MA-NHS)	Sigma	730300-1G	Anchoring
monoclonal mouse anti-Nup153 antibody	Abcam	ab24700	Antibody
N,N′Methylenebisacrylamide	Sigma	M7279	ExM Gel
N,N,N′,N′ Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)	Sigma	T7024	ExM Gel
16% Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solutions	Electron Microscopy Sciences	50-980-487	Fixation buffer
PIPES	Sigma	P6757-25G	Fixation buffer
Poly-L-Lysine	Sigma	P8920-100ML	Chamber coating
Proteinase K	Sigma-Aldrich	P4850-5ML	Digestion buffer
Rabbit anti-clathrin heavy-chain antibody	Abcam	ab21679	Antibody
rat anti–α-tubulin antibody,tyrosinated, clone YL1/2	Millipore Sigma	MAB1864-I	Antibody
Sodium Acrylate	Sigma	408220	ExM Gel
Streptavidin / Biotin blocking kit	Vector Laboratories	SP-2002	Blocking buffer
Tris-HCl	Life Technologies	AM9855	Digestion buffer
U2OS	ATCC	HTB-96	Cell line
6 well glass bottom plates	Cellvis	P06-1.5H-N	Imaging plate