Advancing High-Resolution Imaging of Virus Assemblies in Liquid and Ice

Summary

Here protocols are described to prepare virus assemblies suitable for liquid-EM and cryo-EM analysis at the nanoscale using transmission electron microscopy.

Abstract

Interest in liquid-electron microscopy (liquid-EM) has skyrocketed in recent years as scientists can now observe real-time processes at the nanoscale. It is extremely desirable to pair high-resolution cryo-EM information with dynamic observations as many events occur at rapid timescales - in the millisecond range or faster. Improved knowledge of flexible structures can also assist in the design of novel reagents to combat emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, viewing biological materials in a fluid environment provides a unique glimpse of their performance in the human body. Presented here are newly developed methods to investigate the nanoscale properties of virus assemblies in liquid and vitreous ice. To accomplish this goal, well-defined samples were used as model systems. Side-by-side comparisons of sample preparation methods and representative structural information are presented. Sub-nanometer features are shown for structures resolved in the range of ~3.5-Å-10 Å. Other recent results that support this complementary framework include dynamic insights of vaccine candidates and antibody-based therapies imaged in liquid. Overall, these correlative applications advance our ability to visualize molecular dynamics, providing a unique context for their use in human health and disease.

Introduction

Biomedical research improves our understanding of human health and disease through the development of new technologies. High-resolution imaging is transforming our view of the nanoworld - permitting us to study cells and molecules in exquisite detail^1,2,3,4,5. Static information of dynamic components such as soft polymers, protein assemblies, or human viruses reveals only a limited snapshot of their complex narrative. To better understand how molecular entities operate, their structure and function must be ....

Protocol

1. Loading the specimen holder for liquid-EM

1. Clean the silicon nitride (SiN) microchips by incubating each chip in 150 mL of acetone for 2 min followed by incubation in 150 mL of methanol for 2 min. Allow chips to dry in laminar airflow.
2. Plasma clean the dried chips using a glow-discharge instrument operating under standard conditions of 30 W, 15 mA for 45 s using Argon gas.
3. Load a dry base microchip into the tip of the specimen holder. Add ~0.2 µL of sample (0.2-1 mg/mL of virus assemblies in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 10 mM MgCl₂; 10 mM CaCl₂) to the base chip. Following a 1-2 min inc....

Results

A liquid-TEM operating at 200 kV was used for all liquid-EM imaging experiments and a cryo-TEM operating at 300 kV was used for all cryo-EM data collection. Representative images and structures of multiple viruses are presented to demonstrate the utility of the methods across various test subjects. These include recombinant adeno-associated virus subtype 3 (AAV), SARS-CoV-2 sub-viral assemblies derived from the patient serum, and simian rotavirus double-layered particles (DLPs), SA11 strain. First, comparisons are demons.......

Discussion

New opportunities are presented to streamline current liquid-EM workflows by using new automated tools and technologies adapted from the cryo-EM field. Applications involving the new microchip sandwich technique are significant with respect to other methods because they enable high-resolution imaging analysis in liquid or vitreous ice. One of the most critical steps in the protocol is producing specimens with the ideal liquid thickness to visualize exquisite details at the nanoscale level. Ideal regions of interest are i.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acetone	Fisher Scientific	A11-1	1 Liter
Autoloader clipping tool	ThermoFisher Scientific	N/A	Also SubAngstrom supplier
Autoloader grid clips	ThermoFisher Scientific	N/A	top and bottom clips
Carbon-coated gold EM grids	Electron Microcopy Sciences	CF400-AU-50	400-mesh, 5-nm thickness
COVID-19 patient serum	RayBiotech	CoV-Pos-S-500	500 microliters of PCR+ serum
Methanol	Fisher Scientific	A412-1	1 Liter
Microwell-integrad microchips	Protochips, Inc.	EPB-42A1-10	10x10-mm window arrays
TEMWindows microchips	Simpore Inc.	SN100-A10Q33B	9 large windows, 10-nn thick
TEMWindows microchips	Simpore, Inc.	SN100-A05Q33A	9 small windows, 5-nm thick
Top microchips	Protochips, Inc.	EPT-50W	500 mm x 100 mm window
Whatman #1 filter paper	Whatman	1001 090	100 pieces, 90 mm
Equipment
DirectView direct electron detector	Direct Electron		6-micron pixel spacing
Falcon 3 EC direct electron detector	ThermoFisher Scientific		14-micron pixel spacing
Gatan 655 Dry pump station	Gatan, Inc.		Pump holder tip to 10-6 range
Mark IV Vitrobot	ThermoFisher Scientific		state-of-the-art specimen preparation unit
PELCO easiGlow, glow discharge unit	Ted Pella, Inc.		Negative polarity mode
Poseidon Select specimen holder	Protochips, Inc.		FEI compatible;specimen holder
Talos F200C TEM	ThermoFisher Scientific		200 kV; Liquid-TEM
Titan Krios G3	ThermoFisher Scientific		300 kV; Cryo-TEM
Freely available software	Website link		Comments (optional)
cryoSPARC	https://cryosparc.com/		other image processing software
CTFFIND4	https://grigoriefflab.umassmed.edu/ctffind4		CTF finding program
MotionCorr2	https://emcore.ucsf.edu/ucsf-software
RELION	https://www3.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/relion/index.php?title=Main_Page
SerialEM	https://bio3d.colorado.edu/SerialEM/
UCSF Chimera	https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/		molecular structure analysis software package