Analysis of Cardiac Contractile Dysfunction and Ca2+ Transients in Rodent Myocytes

Summary

A set of protocols are presented that describe the measurement of contractile function via sarcomere length detection along with calcium (Ca²⁺) transient measurement in isolated rat myocytes. The application of this approach for studies in animal models of heart failure is also included.

Abstract

Contractile dysfunction and Ca²⁺ transients are often analyzed at the cellular level as part of a comprehensive assessment of cardiac-induced injury and/or remodeling. One approach for assessing these functional alterations utilizes unloaded shortening and Ca²⁺ transient analyses in primary adult cardiac myocytes. For this approach, adult myocytes are isolated by collagenase digestion, made Ca²⁺ tolerant, and then adhered to laminin-coated coverslips, followed by electrical pacing in serum-free media. The general protocol utilizes adult rat cardiac myocytes but can be readily adjusted for primary myocytes from other species. Functional alterations in myocytes from injured hearts can be compared to sham myocytes and/or to in vitro therapeutic treatments. The methodology includes the essential elements needed for myocyte pacing, along with the cell chamber and platform components. The detailed protocol for this approach incorporates the steps for measuring unloaded shortening by sarcomere length detection and cellular Ca²⁺ transients measured with the ratiometric indicator Fura-2 AM, as well as for raw data analysis.

Introduction

The analysis of cardiac pump function often requires a range of approaches to gain adequate insight, especially for animal models of heart failure (HF). Echocardiography or hemodynamic measurements provide insight into in vivo cardiac dysfunction¹, while in vitro approaches are often employed to identify whether dysfunction arises from changes in the myofilament and/or the Ca²⁺ transient responsible for coupling excitation, or the action potential, with contractile function (e.g., excitation-contraction [E-C] coupling). In vitro approaches also provide an opportunity to screen the functional response to neu....

Protocol

Studies performed on rodents followed the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the University of Michigan Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. For this study, myocytes were isolated from 3-34-month-old Sprague-Dawley and F344BN rats weighing ≥ 200 g⁵. Both male and female rates were used.

1. Myocyte pacing for contractile function studies

1. Make fresh M199-based media for each set of isolated myocytes (Table of Materials). 1 day before pacing, plate 2 x 10⁴ Ca²⁺-tolerant, rod-shape....

Results

Contractile function studies are performed on rat myocytes starting the day after isolation (day 2) up to 4 days post isolation. Although myocytes can be recorded the day after isolation (i.e., day 2), longer culture times are often required after gene transfer or treatments to modify contractile function⁸. For myocytes cultured for more than 18 h after isolation, the pacing protocol described in section 1 helps maintain t-tubules and consistent shortening and re-lengthening results.

Discussion

The chronic pacing protocol outlined in step 1 extends the useful time for studying isolated myocytes and assessing the impact of longer treatments. In our lab, consistent results were obtained up to 4 days post isolation when measuring contractile function using sarcomere length on chronically paced myocytes. However, myocyte contractile function deteriorates quickly when using media older than 1 week to pace myocytes.

For contractile function studies, the data are collected at 37 °C, wh.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
MEDIA
Bovine serum albumin	Sigma (Roche)	3117057001	Final concentration = 0.2% (w/v)
Glutathione	Sigma	G-6529	Final concentration = 10 mM
HEPES	Sigma	H-7006	Final concentration = 15 mM
M199	Sigma	M-2520	1 bottle makes 1 L; pH 7.45
NaHCO3	Sigma	S-8875	Final concentration = 4 mM
Penicillin/streptomycin	Fisher	15140122	Final concentration = 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin
REAGENTS SPECIFICALLY FOR Ca2+ IMAGING
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)	Sigma	D2650
Fura-2AM	Invitrogen (Molecular Probes)	F1221	50 μg/vial;  Prepare stock solution of 1 mM Fura-2AM + 0.5 M probenicid in DMSO;  Final Fura2-AM concentration in media is  5 μM
Probenicid	Invitrogen (Fisher)	P36400	Add 7.2 mg probenicid (0.5 M) to 1 mM Fura-2AM stock; Final concentration in media is 2.5 mM
MATERIALS FOR RAT MYOCYTE PACING
#1 22  mm2 glass coverslips	Corning	2845-22
3 x 36 inch cables with banana jacks	Pomona Electronics	B-36-2	Supplemental Figure 1, panel C
37oC Incubator  with 95% O2:5% CO2	Forma	3110	Supplemental Figure 1, panel E.  Multiple models are appropriate
Class II A/B3 Biosafety cabinet with UV lamp	Forma	1286	Multiple models are appropriate
Forceps - Dumont #5 5/45	Fine Science Tools	11251-35
Hot bead sterilizer	Fine Science Tools	1800-45
Low magnification inverted microscope	Leica	DM-IL	Position this microscope adjacent to the incubator to monitor paced myocytes for contraction at the start of pacing and after media changes;  4X and 10X objectives recommended
Pacing chamber	Custom		Supplemental Figure 1, panel A. The Ionoptix C-pace system is a commercially available alternative or see 22
Stimulator	Ionoptix	Myopacer	Supplemental Figure 1, panel D.
MATERIALS FOR CONTRACTILE FUNCTION and/or Ca2+ IMAGING ANALYSIS			ID in Supplemental Figure 2 & Alternatives/Recommended Options
Additional components for Ca2+ imaging analysis	Ionoptix	Essential system components: -- Photon counting system            --  Xenon power supply with dual excitation light source            --  Fluorescence interface	- The photon counting system contains a photomultiplier (PMT) tube and dichroic mirrorand is installed adjacent to the CCD camera  (panel A #4).                                                                      - The power supply for the xenon bulb light source (see panel A #5 and panel C, left) is integrated with a dual excitation interface (340/380 nm  excitation and 510 nm emission) shown in panel A #6.                                                                                                                                 - The fluorescence interface between the computer and  light source is shown in panel B, #12.
CCD camera with image acquisition  hardware and software (240 frames/s)	Ionoptix	Myocam with CCD controller	Myocam and CCD controller are shown in Supplemental Fig. 2, panel A #4  and  panel A #5 & panel C #5 (right), respectively.  The controller is integrated with a PC computer system (panel B #14).
Chamber stimulator	Ionoptix	Myopacer	Panel B, #13; Alternative:  Grass model S48
Coverslip mounted perfusion chamber	Custom chamber for 22 mm2 coverslip with silicone adapter and 2-4 Phillips pan-head #0 screws  (arrow, panel F)		Panel A #10 & panel F;   Chamber temperature is calibrated to 37oC using a TH-10Km probe and the TC2BIP temperature controller (see temperature controller).  Commercial alternatives:  Ionoptix FHD or C-stim cell  chambers; Cell MicroControls culture stimulation system
Dedicated computer & software for data collection and analysis of function/Ca2+ transients	Ionoptix	PC with Ionwizard PC board and software	Panel B, #14; Contractile function is measured using either SarcLen (sarcomere length) or SoftEdge (myocyte length) acquisition modules of the IonWizard software. The Ionwizard software also includes PMT acquisition software for ratiometric  Ca2+ imaging in Fura-2AM-loaded myoyctes. - A 4 post electronic rack mount cabinet and shelves are recommended for housing the somputer and cell stimulator.  The fluorescence interface for Ca2+ imaging also is housed in this cabinet (see below).
Forceps - Dumont #5 TI	Fine Science Tools	11252-40	Panel F
Insulated tube holder for media	Custom		Panel A #9; This holder is easily assembled using styrofoam & a pre-heated gel pack to keep media warm
Inverted brightfield microscope	Nikon	TE-2000S	Install a rotating turret for epi-fluorescence (Panel A #2) for Ca2+ imaging.   A deep red (590 nm) condenser filter also is recommended to minimize fluorescence bleaching during Ca2+ imaging.
Isolator Table	TMC Vibration Control	30 x 36 inches	Panel A, #1; Desirable:  elevated shelving, Faraday shielding
Microscope eyepieces & objective	Nikon	10X CFI eyepieces 40X water CFI Plan Fluor objective	Panel A #3; 40X objective:  n.a. 0.08; w.d. 2 mm.  A Cell MicroControls HLS-1 objective heater is mounted around the objective (see temperature controller below).          NOTE:  water immersion dispensers also are now available for water-based objectives.
Peristaltic pump	Gilson	Minipuls 3	Panel A #8 and panel E
small weigh boat	Fisher	08-732-112
Temperature controller	Cell MicroControls	TC2BIP	Panel A #7; Panel D. This temperature controller heats the coverslip chamber to 37oC.    A preheater and objective heater are recommended for this platform.  A Cell MicroControls HPRE2 preheater and  HLS-1 objective heater are controlled  by the TC2BIP temperature controller for our studies.
Under cabinet LED light with motion sensor	Sylvania	#72423 LED light	Recommended for data collection during Ca2+ transient imaging under minimal room light..  Alternative:  A clip on flashlight/book light with flexible neck - multiple suppliers are available.
Vacuum line with in-line Ehrlenmeyer flask & protective filter	Fisher	Tygon tubing - E363;  polypropylene Ehrlenmeyer flask - 10-182-50B; Vacuum filter - 09-703-90	Panel A #11