Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

Summary

The protocol presents a cancer immunotherapy model using cell-based tumor vaccination with Flt3L-expressing B16-F10 melanoma. This protocol demonstrates the procedures, including preparation of cultured tumor cells, tumor implantation, cell irradiation, measurement of tumor growth, isolation of intratumoral immune cells, and flow cytometry analysis.

Abstract

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes the survival and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). It has been used in tumor vaccines to activate innate immunity and enhance antitumor responses. This protocol demonstrates a therapeutic model using cell-based tumor vaccine consisting of Flt3L-expressing B16-F10 melanoma cells along with phenotypic and functional analysis of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Procedures for cultured tumor cell preparation, tumor implantation, cell irradiation, tumor size measurement, intratumoral immune cell isolation, and flow cytometry analysis are described. The overall goal of this protocol is to provide a preclinical solid tumor immunotherapy model, and a research platform to study the relationship between tumor cells and infiltrating immune cells. The immunotherapy protocol described here can be combined with other therapeutic modalities, such as immune checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 antibodies) or chemotherapy in order to improve the cancer therapeutic effect of melanoma.

Introduction

Cancer immunotherapy has been recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy based on its less toxic side effects and more durable responses. Several types of immunotherapies have been developed, including oncolytic virus therapies, cancer vaccines, cytokine therapies, monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer (CAR-T cells or CAR-NK), and immune checkpoint blockade¹.

For cancer vaccines, there are different forms of therapeutic vaccines, such as whole cell-based vaccines, protein or peptide vaccines, and RNA or DNA vaccines. Vaccination relies on the ability of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to process tumor ant....

Protocol

All mice used in the study were maintained and housed in the vivarium of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) under specific pathogen-free conditions with controlled temperature and humidity. Animal experiments were performed with 8-14 weeks old female C57BL/6 mice according to guidelines and protocols approved by the LJI Animal Care Committee.

1. Preparation of cultured tumor cells for implantation

1. Culture B16-F10 melanoma cells in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's medium (IMDM) containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1 mM MEM nonessential amino acids, and 100 U/mL e....

Results

A visible black dot of the implanted B16-F10 cells is usually observed on the skin surface ~3 days after tumor implantation. Mice are treated with the tumor vaccine 3, 6, and 9 days after the tumor nodule has reached a size of ≥2 mm. We observed a significant reduction in tumor growth in vaccinated mice group ~2 weeks after tumor implantation (Figure 1). At the end of the experiment, we isolated the intratumoral immune cells and analyzed their number and cell surface marker expression, as we.......

Discussion

The protocol described here is based on the study by Allison's group. They demonstrated that combination of B16-Flt3L vaccine with CTLA-4 blockade showed a synergistic effect on survival rate and tumor growth, whereas no reduction of tumor growth was seen in mice receiving the B16-Flt3L vaccine or anti-CTLA-4 antibody treatment alone⁷. Recent studies have revealed a novel Treg-intrinsic CTLA4-PKCη signaling pathway that plays an important obligatory role in regulating the contact-dependen.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.25% trypsin-EDTA	Gibco	25200-056
10% heat-inactivated FBS	Omega Scientific	FB-02	Lot# 209018
30G needle	BD Biosciences	305106
96 well V-shape-bottom plate	SARSTEDT	83.3926.500
B16 cell line expressing Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (B16-Flt3L)	Gift of Dr. Stephen Schoenberger, LJI		Flt3L cDNAs were cloned into the pMG-Lyt2 retroviral vector, as in refernce 5, Supplemental Figure 1
B16-F10 cell lines	ATCC	CRL-6475
Centrifuge 5810R	Eppendorf
Cytofix fixation buffer	BD Biosciences	BDB554655	Cell fixation buffer (4.2% PFA)
Cytofix/Cytoperm kit	BD Biosciences	554714	Fixation/Permeabilization Solution Kit
DNase I	Sigma	11284932001
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium  (DMEM)	Corning	10013CV
Electronic digital caliper	Fisherbrand	14-648-17
FlowJo software	Tree Star		Flow cytometer data analysis
GolgiStop (protein transport inhibitor)	BD Biosciences	554724	1:1500 dilution
HEPES (1M)	Gibco	15630-080
Ionomycin	Sigma	I0634
Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM)	Thermo Fisher	12440053
LSR-II cytometers	BD Biosciences		Flow cytometer
MEM nonessential amino acids	Gibco	11140-050
penicillin and streptomycin	Gibco	15140-122
Percoll	GE Healthcare Life Sciences	GE17-0891-02	density gradient specific medium
PMA	Sigma	P1585
Red Blood Cell Lysing Buffer Hybri-Max liquid	Sigma	R7757-100ML
RPMI 1640 medium	Corning	10-040-CV
RS2000 X-ray Irradiator	Rad Source Technologies
sodium pyruvate	Gibco	11360-070
Sterile cell strainer 40 μm	Fisherbrand	22-363-547
Sterile cell strainer 70 μm	Fisherbrand	22-363-548
TL Liberase	Roche	477530
Zombie Aqua fixable viability kit	BioLegend	423101
Antibodies
Anti-mCD45	BioLegend	103135	Clone: 30-F11 Fluorophore: BV570 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mCD3ε	BioLegend	100327	Clone: 145-2C11 Fluorophore: PerCP-Cy5.5 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mCD8	BioLegend	100730 100724	Clone: 53-6.7 Fluorophore: Alexa Fluor 700, Alexa Fluor 647 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mCD4	BioLegend	100414	Clone: GK1.5 Fluorophore: APC-Cy7 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mFoxp3	Thermo Fisher Scientific	11577382	Clone: FJK-16s Fluorophore: FITC Dilution: 1:100
Anti-m/hGzmB	BioLegend	372208	Clone: QA16A02 Fluorophore: PE Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mIFNg	BioLegend	505826	Clone: XMG1.2 Fluorophore: PE-Cy7 Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mCD19	BioLegend	115543	Clone: 6D5 Fluorophore: BV785 Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mGr1	BioLegend	108423	Clone: RB6-8C5 Fluorophore: APC/Cy7 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mCD11b	BioLegend	101223	Clone: M1/70 Fluorophore: Pacific blue Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mF4/80	BioLegend	123114	Clone: BM8 Fluorophore: PECy7 Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mCD11c	BioLegend	117328	Clone: N418 Fluorophore: PerCP Cy5.5 Dilution: 1:100
Anti-mMHCII	BioLegend	107622	Clone: M5/114.15.2 Fluorophore: AF700 Dilution: 1:400
Anti-mCD103	BioLegend	121410	Clone: 2E7 Fluorophore: Alexa Fluor 647 Dilution: 1:200
Anti-mCD86	BioLegend	105007	Clone: GL-1 Fluorophore: PE Dilution: 1:200
FC-blocker (Rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32)	BD Biosciences	553141	Clone: 2.4G2 Dilution: 1:200